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The detail in which these processes can be analysed depends on the capacity of experimental methods to discriminate the multiple microstates that can be populated while the protein changes from the fully reduced to the fully oxidized state. The population of each state depends on the redox potential of the individual centres and on the magnitude of the interactions between the individual redox centres and their neighbours. It also depends on the interactions with binding sites for other ligands, such as protons, giving origin to the redox-Bohr effect. Modelling strategies that match the capacity of experimental methods to discriminate the contributions of individual centres are presented. These models provide thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of multicentre redox proteins. The current state of the art in the characterization of multicentre redox proteins is illustrated using the case of multiheme cytochromes involved in the process of extracellular electron transfer. In this new frontier of biological electron transfer, which can extend over distances that exceed the size of the individual multicentre redox proteins by orders of magnitude, current experimental data are still unable, in most cases, to provide discrimination between incoherent conduction by heme orbitals and coherent band conduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20240576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T07:41:02Z","timestamp":1734939662000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electron transfer in multicentre redox proteins: from fundamentals to extracellular electron transfer"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"Bayar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"2Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Haris","family":"Nalakath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina M.","family":"Paquete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2392-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo O.","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025103010540447200_BSR-2024-0576C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217412","article-title":"Conversion of wastes into bioelectricity and chemicals by using microbial electrochemical technologies","volume":"337","author":"Logan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025103010540447200_BSR-2024-0576C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.07.022","article-title":"Microbial desalination cells for energy production and desalination","volume":"308","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desal."},{"key":"2025103010540447200_BSR-2024-0576C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9030092","article-title":"Microbial fuel cell-based biosensors","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"2025103010540447200_BSR-2024-0576C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2023.108928","article-title":"Recent advances in microbial electrosynthesis system: metabolic investigation and process optimization","volume":"196","author":"Al-Mamun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. 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