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Tyrosine sulfation is not limited to endogenous FIIa ligands and has also been found in hirudin, a well-known and potent thrombin inhibitor from the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. The discovery of hirudin led to successful clinical application of analogs of leech-inspired molecules, but also unveiled several other natural thrombin-directed anticoagulant molecules, many of which undergo tyrosine-O-sulfation. The presence of this PTM has been shown to enhance the anticoagulant properties of these peptides from a range of blood-feeding organisms, including ticks, mosquitos and flies. Interestingly, some of these molecules display mechanisms of action that mimic those of thrombin's bona fide substrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20210600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T12:51:58Z","timestamp":1641559918000},"page":"387-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tyrosine-<i>O<\/i>-sulfation is a widespread affinity enhancer among thrombin interactors"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7235-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Ripoll-Rozada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMC \u2013 Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joshua W. C.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia"}]},{"given":"Pedro Jos\u00e9","family":"Barbosa Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMC \u2013 Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030117244342500_BST-2021-0600CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00043","article-title":"Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. 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