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Different types\u00a0of skin grafts including allografts, autografts, allogeneic, and xenogeneic are described in detail with their associated applications. We also discuss different tissue engineering protocols for the design of various types\u00a0of skin substitutes and their commercial outcomes. Brief highlights are given of the new generation three-dimensional printed scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20160043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T15:40:21Z","timestamp":1480520421000},"page":"357-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["<i>In\u00a0vitro<\/i> skin models and tissue engineering protocols for skin graft applications"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Lucas\u00a0B.","family":"Naves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Bras\u00edlia 70040-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es 4800-058, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Chetna","family":"Dhand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es 4800-058, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lakshminarayanan","family":"Rajamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Seeram","family":"Ramakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111610203292500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05664","article-title":"Progress and opportunities for tissue-engineered skin","volume":"445","author":"MacNeil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111610203292500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)00813-9","article-title":"Principles and practices for treatment of cutaneous wounds with cultured skin substitutes","volume":"183","author":"Boyce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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