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However, this paradigm for cold-adaptation is not universal as some cold-active enzymes with high stability and\/or high substrate affinity and\/or even an unaltered flexibility have been reported, pointing to alternative adaptation strategies. Indeed, cold-adaptation can involve any of a number of a diverse range of structural modifications, or combinations of modifications, depending on the enzyme involved, its function, structure, stability, and evolutionary history. This paper presents the challenges, properties, and adaptation strategies of these enzymes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20220193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T10:02:23Z","timestamp":1680775343000},"page":"701-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Psychrophilic enzymes: strategies for cold-adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Tony","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Biology, Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8660-0944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Feller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Engineering-InBioS, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081107261712600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09631-3","article-title":"Microbial ecology of the cryosphere (glacial and permafrost habitats): current knowledge","volume":"103","author":"Margesin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. 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