{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T15:14:34Z","timestamp":1777994074429,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Speech Lang Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of the present article was to document the extent to which early expressive language skills (measured using the MacArthur\u2013Bates Communicative Development Inventories [CDI; Fenson et al., 2006]) predict long-term neurocognitive outcomes in a sample of early-implanted prelingually deaf cochlear implant (CI) users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CDI was used to index the early expressive language skills of 32 pediatric CI users after an average of 1.03 years (<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>= 0.56, range = 0.39\u20132.17) of CI experience. Long-term neurocognitive outcomes were assessed after an average of 11.32 (<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>= 2.54, range = 7.08\u201316.52) years of CI experience. Measures of long-term neurocognitive outcomes were derived from gold-standard performance-based and questionnaire-based assessments of language, executive functioning, and academic skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses revealed that early expressive language skills, collected on average 1.03 years post cochlear implantation, predicted long-term language, executive functioning, and academic skills up to 16 years later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that early expressive language skills, as indexed by the CDI, are clinically relevant for identifying CI users who may be at high risk for long-term neurocognitive delays and disturbances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_ajslp-15-0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T19:41:43Z","timestamp":1468006903000},"page":"381-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Early Expressive Language Skills Predict Long-Term Neurocognitive Outcomes in Cochlear Implant Users: Evidence from the MacArthur\u2013Bates Communicative Development Inventories"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Pisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University, Bloomington"},{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Kronenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University, Bloomington"},{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Executive functions: What they are, how they work, and why they evolved","author":"Barkley R. A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enu039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1754762813Y.0000000043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01651.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.55.091902.105251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2013Fourth Edition manual","author":"Dunn L. M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","volume-title":"The MacArthur\u2013Bates Communicative Development Inventories","author":"Fenson L.","year":"2006","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geers A. Brenner C. & Davidson L. (2003). Factors associated with development of speech perception skills in children implanted by age five. Ear and Hearing 24(Suppl.) 24\u201335. doi:10.1097\/01.AUD.0000051687.99218.0F","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AUD.0000051687.99218.0F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/146701011X13001035752534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09084281003708944"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","first-page":"608","article-title":"Neurocognitive risk in children with cochlear implants","volume":"140","author":"Kronenberger W. G.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enu011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kronenberger W. G. & Pisoni D. B. (2009 August). Measuring learning-related executive functioning: Development of the LEAF scale. Poster presented at the American Psychological Association 117th Annual Convention. Toronto ON Canada.","DOI":"10.1037\/e628222009-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/10-0119)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"Test of Variables of Attention professional manual version 7.0.","author":"Leark R. A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","volume-title":"Higher cortical functions in man","author":"Luria A. R.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020309074628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00671.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000215973.76912.c6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/013)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes T. Barros R. Evans D. & Burman D. (2014). Improving deaf children's working memory through training. International Journal of Speech & Language Pathology and Audiology 2 51\u201366. doi:10.12970\/2311-1917.2014.02.02.1","DOI":"10.12970\/2311-1917.2014.02.02.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011000600002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education","author":"Pisoni D. B.","year":"2010","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"Reynell Developmental Language Scales: Manual","author":"Reynell J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.5.644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","volume-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-4)","author":"Semel E. M.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Assessing the language abilities of pediatric cochlear implant users across a broad range of ages and performance abilities","volume":"102","author":"Stallings L. M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Volta Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/007)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Integrated","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2004","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T22:05:04Z","timestamp":1656799504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2016_ajslp-15-0023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-0360","1558-9110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-0360","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}}}