{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:24:41Z","timestamp":1793172281943,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LSHSS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Speech-language pathologists know much more about children's development of fictional narratives than they do about children's development of personal narratives and the role these personal narratives play in academic success, social\u2013emotional development, and self-regulation. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide clinicians with strategies for assessing and developing children's and adolescents' personal narratives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This tutorial reviews the literature on (a) the development of autobiographical event narratives and life stories, (b) factors that contribute to development of these genres, (c) the importance of these genres for the development of sense of self-identity and self-regulation, (d) deficits in personal narrative genres, and (e) strategies for eliciting and assessing event narratives and life stories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>To promote development of personal event narratives and life stories, speech-language pathologists can help clients retrieve information about interesting events, provide experiences worthy of narrating, and draw upon published narratives to serve as model texts. Clinicians can also address four interrelated processes in intervention: reminiscing, reflecting, making coherent connections, and signaling the plot structure. Furthermore, they can activate metacognitive awareness of how evaluations of experiences, coherence, and plot structure are signaled in well-formed personal event narratives and life stories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_lshss-15-0073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T19:33:30Z","timestamp":1475004810000},"page":"260-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Telling Tales: Personal Event Narratives and Life Stories"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Carol","family":"Westby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bilingual Multicultural Services, Albuquerque, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Culatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Provo, UT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0533316411400969"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","volume-title":"Duck in the truck","author":"Alborough J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400005300"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","unstructured":"American FactFinder. (2016). Retrieved from http:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/faces\/nav\/jsf\/pages\/index.xhtml"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2004). Preferred practice patterns for the profession of speech-language pathology [Preferred practice patterns]. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.asha.org\/policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2007). Scope of practice in speech-language pathology [Scope of practice]. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.asha.org\/policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","volume-title":"The one and only Ivan","author":"Applegate K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","volume-title":"El deafo","author":"Bell C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626999.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.4.1135"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of autism","author":"Boucher J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","volume-title":"Franklin in the dark","author":"Bourgeois P.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511973918.013","volume-title":"Researching the autism spectrum: Contemporary perspectives","author":"Bowler D. M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00076"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407070058"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","volume-title":"Raising the quality of narrative writing","author":"Calkins L.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","volume-title":"Verdi","author":"Cannon J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940303600208"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20707"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2012.742901"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.41.2.376"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_1","volume-title":"The promise","author":"Davies N.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-9003-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89825-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_1","volume-title":"Identity, youth, and crisis","author":"Erikson E. H.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1967.tb00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/098)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"The social construction of personal narratives","volume":"37","author":"Fivush R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131702"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_1","first-page":"565","volume-title":"Handbook on the development of children's memory","author":"Fivush R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130418"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2014(92)90010-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2005.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00844.x-i1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1656"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_1","unstructured":"Gagarina N. (2012). MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bi-sli.org\/WG.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_1","volume-title":"Test of Narrative Language","author":"Gillam R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2011\/11-0022)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_LSHSS-13-0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000904"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0588-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2271-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723704042369"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2010.493890"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.3.707"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_1","volume-title":"Lazy lion","author":"Hadithi M.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_1","volume-title":"Running rhino","author":"Hadithi M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_1","volume-title":"The construction of the self: A developmental perspective","author":"Harter S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2009\/08-0024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291408000203"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Developing narrative structure","author":"Hudson J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_1","volume-title":"Salt in his shoes","author":"Jordan D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1075\/sin.19.03bee","volume-title":"Chinese language narration: Culture, cognition, and emotion","author":"Koh J. B. K.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_1","volume-title":"Harvesting hope: The story of Cesar Chavez","author":"Krull K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_1","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Essays on the verbal and visual arts","author":"Labov W.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_1","volume-title":"The man who made time travel","author":"Lasky K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_1","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Autobiographical memory and the construction of a narrative self","author":"Leichtman M. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024446215446"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89825-4_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.5.2.100"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"American identity: The redemptive self","volume":"43","author":"McAdams D. P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"The General Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612464657"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413475622"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_1","volume-title":"Chameleon readers: Teaching children to appreciate all kinds of good stories","author":"McCabe A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_1","volume-title":"Patterns of narrative discourse","author":"McCabe A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/019)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1585-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/019)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0938-8982.00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000076"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_1","volume-title":"Telling stories in two language: Multiple approaches to understanding English-Japanese bilingual children's narratives","author":"Minami M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400010407"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_1","volume-title":"Tomas and the library lady","author":"Mora P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_1","volume-title":"Common Core State Standards for English language arts and literacy in history\/social studies, science, and technical subjects","author":"National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Autobiographical memory and the construction of a narrative self","author":"Nelson K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/073)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136820310000108133"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_1","volume-title":"Wonder","author":"Palacio R. J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2013_LSHSS-12-0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/lle19.4.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_1","volume-title":"Developing narrative structure: Three ways of looking at a narrative","author":"Peterson C.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_1","volume-title":"My rotten red-headed older brother","author":"Polacco P.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_1","volume-title":"Thank you, Mr. Falker","author":"Polacco P.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900012976"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"After early intervention, then what?","author":"Raphael T. E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2011.587854"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89825-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525740114520962"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_1","volume-title":"Tell me a story: Narrative and intelligence","author":"Schank R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_1","first-page":"224","article-title":"Storytelling from pictures using the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument","volume":"30","author":"Schneider P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000902005500"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00268.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316042000209323"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"New directions in discourse processing","author":"Stein N.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2005\/014)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_1","volume-title":"Grumpy cat","author":"Teckentrup B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/07-0133)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89825-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_1","first-page":"605","volume-title":"The Wiley handbook on the development of children's memory","author":"Wang Q.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01415.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_1","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Language and reading disabilities","author":"Westby C. E.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820601056228"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_1","volume-title":"International classification of functioning, disability and health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/2016_LSHSS-15-0073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T08:21:07Z","timestamp":1657354867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/2016_LSHSS-15-0073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/2016_LSHSS-15-0073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2016_lshss-15-0073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-1461","1558-9129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-1461","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}}}