{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:16:45Z","timestamp":1790504205460,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Speech Lang Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to propose the speech motor learning approach (Van der Merwe, 2011) as a treatment for childhood apraxia of speech and to determine if it will effect positive change in the ability of a 33-month-old child to produce untreated nonwords and words containing treated age-appropriate consonants (Set 1 sounds), untreated age-appropriate consonants (Set 2), and untreated age-inappropriate consonants (Set 3) and also to determine the nature and number of segmental speech errors before and after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>An A-B design with multiple target measures and follow-up was implemented to assess the effects of treatment of Set 1. Effect sizes for whole-word accuracy were determined, and two criterion lines were generated following the conservative dual criterion method. Speech errors were judged perceptually.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conservative dual criterion analyses indicated no reliable treatment effect due to rising baseline scores. Effect sizes showed significant improvement in whole-word accuracy of untreated nonwords and real words containing age-appropriate treated sounds and real words containing age-appropriate untreated sounds. The number of errors for all three sound sets declined. Sound distortion was the most frequent error type.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preliminary evidence suggests potentially positive treatment effects. However, rising baseline scores limit causal inference. Replication with more children of different ages is necessary.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Supplemental Materials<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.5596708\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.5596708<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_ajslp-15-0193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,9]],"date-time":"2017-12-09T02:30:52Z","timestamp":1512786652000},"page":"37-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Model-Driven Treatment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Positive Effects of the Speech Motor Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"van der Merwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mollie","family":"Steyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 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