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We aimed to answer the following question: To what extent has fNIRS been used to investigate the neural correlates of speech-language impairment?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review was preregistered with PROSPERO, the international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42019136464). We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol for preferred reporting items for systematic reviews. The database searches were conducted between February and March of 2019 with the following search terms: (a) fNIRS or functional near-infrared spectroscopy or NIRS or near-infrared spectroscopy, (b) speech or language, and (c) disorder or impairment or delay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found 34 fNIRS studies that involved individuals with speech or language impairment across nine categories: (a) autism spectrum disorders; (b) developmental speech and language disorders; (c) cochlear implantation and deafness; (d) dementia, dementia of the Alzheimer's type, and mild cognitive impairment; (e) locked-in syndrome; (f) neurologic speech disorders\/dysarthria; (g) stroke\/aphasia; (h) stuttering; and (i) traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Though it is not without inherent challenges, fNIRS may have advantages over other neuroimaging techniques in the areas of speech and language impairment. fNIRS has clinical applications that may lead to improved early and differential diagnosis, increase our understanding of response to treatment, improve neuroprosthetic functioning, and advance neurofeedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_ajslp-19-00050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T21:13:45Z","timestamp":1594242825000},"page":"1674-1701","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Study of Speech and Language Impairment Across the Life Span: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4106-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay K.","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swathi","family":"Kiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Tager-Flusberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.2.2.020801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 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