{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:38:41Z","timestamp":1793173121291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Speech Lang Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Most toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental delays receive early intervention at home and may not participate in a clinic-based communication evaluation. However, there is limited research that has prospectively examined communication in very young children with and without autism in a home-based setting. This study used granular observational coding to document the communicative acts performed by toddlers with autism, developmental delay, and typical development in the home environment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Children were selected from the archival database of the FIRST WORDS Project (\n              <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n              = 211). At approximately 20 months of age, each child participated in everyday activities with a caregiver during an hour-long, video-recorded, naturalistic home observation. Inventories of unique gestures, rates per minute, and proportions of types of communicative acts and communicative functions were coded and compared using a one-way analysis of variance. Concurrent and prospective relationships between rate of communication and measures of social communication, language development, and autism symptoms were examined.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 40,738 communicative acts were coded. Children with autism, developmental delay, and typical development used eight, nine, and 12 unique gestures on average, respectively. Children with autism used deictic gestures, vocalizations, and communicative acts for behavior regulation at significantly lower rates than the other groups. Statistically significant correlations were observed between rate of communication and several outcome measures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Observation of social communication in the natural environment may improve early identification of children with autism and communication delays, complement clinic-based assessments, and provide useful information about a child's social communication profile and the family's preferred activities and intervention priorities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Supplemental Material<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.14204522\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.14204522<\/jats:ext-link>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_ajslp-19-00206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T21:33:03Z","timestamp":1616448783000},"page":"649-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Rate of Communicative Gestures and Developmental Outcomes in Toddlers With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder During a Home Observation"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0938-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail D.","family":"Delehanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Wetherby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2577276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139017343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316654084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3628-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"The emergence of symbols","author":"Bates E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bates, E. , Benigni, L. , Bretherton, I. , Camaioni, L. , & Volterra, V. (1979). The emergence of symbols. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.10034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?","volume":"29","author":"Blanca M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blanca, M. , Alarc\u00f3n, R. , Arnau, J. , Bono, R. , & Bendayan, R. (2017). Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema, 29(4), 552\u2013557.","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-5309(81)90010-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00377.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01685.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03980-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600701360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/052)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/07-0041)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941518764764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2566-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316636760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","volume-title":"G* Power (Version 3.1.7) [Computer software]","author":"Faul F.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Faul, F. , Erdfelder, E. , Buchner, A. , & Lang, A. G. (2013). G* Power (Version 3.1.7) [Computer software] . Uiversit\u00e4t Kiel."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","volume-title":"MacArthur\u2013Bates Communicative Development Inventories","author":"Fenson L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fenson, L. , Bates, E. , Dale, P. S. , Marchman, V. A. , Reznick, J. S. , & Thal, D. J. (2007). MacArthur\u2013Bates Communicative Development Inventories. Brookes."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2390-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2012\/11-0004)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","first-page":"Article e201934","article-title":"Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"145","author":"Hyman S. L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hyman, S. L. , Levy, S. E. , Myers, S. M. , & Council on Children With Disabilities, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. (2020). Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1), Article e20193447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-3447","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","unstructured":"Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 20 U.S.C. \u00a7 1400 et seq. (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0966-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3297-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Transitions in prelinguistic communication","author":"Iverson J. M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Iverson, J. M. , & Thal, D. (1998). Communicative transitions: There's more to the hand than meets the eye. In A. Wetherby , S. Warren , & J. Reichle (Eds.), Transitions in prelinguistic communication (pp. 59\u201386). Brookes."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Hand, mouth and brain: The dynamic emergence of speech and gesture","volume":"6","author":"Iverson J. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Iverson, J. M. , & Thelen, E. (1999). Hand, mouth and brain: The dynamic emergence of speech and gesture. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(11\u201312), 19\u201340.","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02458.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014272379401404004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","volume-title":"Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)","author":"Lord C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lord, C. , Rutter, M. , DiLavore, P. C. , & Risi, S. (1999). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314528390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3402.294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200604002-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","volume-title":"The Mullen Scales of Early Learning","author":"Mullen E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mullen, E. (1995). The Mullen Scales of Early Learning. American Guidance Service."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315605921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2017.1329735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2391-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01670.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00764.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/07-0280)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2006)111[273:AOMIII]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","volume-title":"Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales","author":"Sparrow S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sparrow, S. , Cicchetti, D. V. , & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (2nd ed.). AGS.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025854816091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3506.1289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","author":"U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs","year":"2016","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs. (2016). 38th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Retrieved from https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/reports\/annual\/osep\/2016\/parts-b-c\/38th-arc-for-idea.pdf","journal-title":"38th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361311399936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2012\/11-0145)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/088)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361308094501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3102.240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","volume-title":"Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales: Developmental Profile","author":"Wetherby A. M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wetherby, A. M. , & Prizant, B. M. (2002). Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales: Developmental Profile (1st normed ed.). Brookes.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2703.364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0237-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","unstructured":"Wetherby A. M. Woods J. Nottke C. Stronach S. Dow D. & \nMcCoy D.\n (2016). Systematic Observation of Red Flags of autism spectrum disorder [Unpublished manual]\n. Florida State University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0b013e318227fde4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3667C"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T23:56:56Z","timestamp":1618790216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2020_ajslp-19-00206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-0360","1558-9110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-0360","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]}}}