{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:46:02Z","timestamp":1792017962713,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Speech Lang Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n Reference data from healthy adults under the age of 60 years suggest that the 75th and 95th percentiles for pharyngeal residue on swallows of thin liquids are 1% and 3%(C2-4)\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , respectively. We explored how pharyngeal residue below versus above these values prior to a swallow predicts penetration\u2013aspiration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n \n The study involved retrospective analysis of a previous research data set from 305 adults at risk for dysphagia. Participants swallowed six thin boluses and three each of mildly, moderately, and extremely thick barium in videofluoroscopy. Raters measured preswallow residue in %(C2-4)\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n units and Penetration\u2013Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores for each swallow. Swallows were classified as (a) \u201cclean baseline\u201d (with no preswallow residue), (b) \u201cclearing\u201d swallows of residue with no new material added, or (c) swallows of \u201cadditional material\u201d plus preswallow residue. Frequencies of PAS scores of \u2265 3 were compared across swallow type by consistency according to residue severity (i.e., \u2264 vs. > 1%(C2-4)\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n and \u2264 vs. > 3%(C2-4)\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The data set comprised 2,541 clean baseline, 209 clearing, and 1,722 swallows of additional material. On clean baseline swallows, frequencies of PAS scores of \u2265 3 were 5% for thin and mildly thick liquids and 1% for moderately\/extremely thick liquids. Compared to clean baseline swallows, the odds of penetration\u2013aspiration on thin liquids increased 4.60-fold above the 1% threshold and 4.20-fold above the 3% threshold (mildly thick: 2.11-fold > 1%(C2-4)\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , 2.26-fold > 3%(C2-4)\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ). PAS scores of \u2265 3 did not occur with clearing swallows of moderately\/extremely thick liquids. Lower frequencies of above-threshold preswallow residue were seen for swallows of additional material than for clearing swallows. Compared to clean baseline swallows, the odds of PAS scores of \u2265 3 on swallows of additional material increased \u2265 1.86-fold above the 1% threshold and \u2265 2.15-fold above the 3% threshold, depending on consistency.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The data suggest that a pharyngeal residue threshold of 1%(C2-4)\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n is a meaningful cut-point for delineating increased risk of penetration\u2013aspiration on a subsequent swallow.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_ajslp-20-00042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T16:06:41Z","timestamp":1593446801000},"page":"1608-1617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The Risk of Penetration\u2013Aspiration Related to Residue in the Pharynx"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catriona M.","family":"Steele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Peladeau-Pigeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talia S.","family":"Wolkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21209","article-title":"Respiratory-swallow phase patterns and their relationship to swallowing impairment in patients treated for oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"32","author":"Brodsky M. B.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Head & Neck"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2008.008170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-019-10014-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.9.1863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-009-9258-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-017-9841-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-013-9459-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics4010013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.3.988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2016.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-012-9426-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"Statistics: Learning from data","author":"Peck R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.4.1707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-019-09992-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-017-9809-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-018-09974-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0448"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measurement of pharyngeal residue from lateral view videofluoroscopic images","volume":"63","author":"Steele C. 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