{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T11:26:48Z","timestamp":1794396408570,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Speech Lang Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>A growing number of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are using orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) and\/or myofunctional devices (MDs) in the treatment of their clients. However, governing bodies suggest SLPs carefully consider the availability and quality of evidence in the utilization of these therapies in speech-language pathology treatment. The purpose of this study was to review the existing evidence for OMT and MDs used by SLPs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic quantitative review was conducted using key search terms in three electronic platforms housing multiple databases, along with a hand search, to identify additional literature. All studies published in English in full text were included if they reported pre- and posttreatment data of OMT and\/or MDs provided by an SLP. Data were extracted and analyzed by the first author and confirmed by the co-authors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-eight studies met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Two thirds were published in the last decade and involved the use of OMT\/MDs targeting multiple areas of speech pathology intervention within the same study, that is, swallowing, breathing, oral hygiene, and speech production. Majority of studies were rated as low level of evidence. All studies used OMT, with very few using MDs. While the assessment, treatment protocols, and outcome measures were highly variable, all of the studies reported an improvement in the function of the orofacial systems posttreatment. Few studies reported long-term follow-up data. Almost half of the studies recommended the use of OMT\/MDs in a multidisciplinary\/interdisciplinary team or in conjunction with other therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There has been an increase in literature over the last decade in SLPs' use of OMT; however, there are only a small number of studies to date that explore the use of MDs. There is a growing body of evidence to support the use of OMT and MDs within a multidisciplinary team for people with communication and swallow difficulties. However, development of future research should consider investigating assessment and outcome measures, optimal dosage, and service delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_ajslp-20-00245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T23:18:26Z","timestamp":1611184706000},"page":"301-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy and Myofunctional Devices Used in Speech Pathology Treatment: A Systematic Quantitative Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0678-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hollie-Ann L.","family":"Shortland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7043-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Hewat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Vertigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0644-4708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwendalyn","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2019.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2019) Orofacial myofunctional therapy. Retrieved October 1 2019 from https:\/\/www.asha.org\/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589943975&section"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.52010\/ijom.1999.25.1.5","article-title":"Myofunctional therapy: Brief intervention","volume":"25","author":"Bacha S. M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"The International Journal of Orofacial Myology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","unstructured":"Bahr D. (2008). The oral motor debate: Where do we go from here? [Poster session] . ASHA Convention Chicago IL United States."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.700323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05994-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.52010\/ijom.1997.23.1.6","article-title":"The effectiveness of orofacial myofunctional therapy in improving dental occlusion","volume":"23","author":"Benkert K. K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"The International Journal of Orofacial Myology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000266155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"Bourke K. (1979). 9th Asian Pacific Conference. The chewing brush\u2013oral physiotherapy\u2013Lecture. Retrieved April 17 2019 from https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/57ba3862893fc01e071991d8\/t\/5912949f2e69cf5fef74e9fb\/14438920781\/The+Chewing+Brush.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318219c171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.2611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4602.160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2003\/086)"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"604","article-title":"Myofunctional therapy applied to upper airway resistance syndrome: A case report","volume":"27","author":"Correa C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"CoDas"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-18462011005000130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2010.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.52010\/ijom.2007.33.1.2","article-title":"The effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy combined with an occlusal splint on signs and symptoms in a man with TMD hypermobility: Case study","volume":"33","author":"de Fel\u00edcio C. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Orofacial Myology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1605597"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Froggy mouth: A new myofunctional approach to atypical swallowing","volume":"20","author":"Di Vecchio S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-016-1429-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","volume-title":"The handbook for evidence-based practice in communication disorders","author":"Dollaghan C. A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.139612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/gics5.2.82"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Test di valutazione dell'articoloazione [Article Evaluation Test]","volume":"2","author":"Fanzago F.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Quaderni Acta Phoniatrica Latiba"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"The history of myofunctional orthodontics: Part 1. The beginning & the separation","author":"Farrell D. C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australian Dental Practice, Special Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3010594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/11-214"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pio.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","volume-title":"Myofunctional therapy in dental practice: Abnormal swallowing habits: Diagnosis, treatment: A course of study for the dental practitioner and speech pathologist","author":"Garliner D.","year":"1974","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3408053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","volume-title":"Orofacial myology: International perspectives","author":"Hanson M. L.","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7308.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Orofacial myofunctional therapy as an adjunct treatment approach to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)","volume":"7","author":"Hockenbury D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"EC Dental Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.19.4.094-099.oar"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.52010\/ijom.2004.30.1.4","article-title":"Evaluation of a new concept of myofunctional therapy in children","volume":"30","author":"Korbmacher H. M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"The International Journal of Orofacial Myology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-017-9852-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.770552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.824606"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","first-page":"E15","article-title":"Adherence of patients with dysphonia to voice therapy: Systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Marques Torbes T. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","article-title":"Oral motor treatment vs. non-speech oral motor exercises","volume":"2","author":"Marshalla P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Motor Institute"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0216201425612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/20162015099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","unstructured":"Merkel-Walsh R . (2015). Position statement\u2014Oral motor therapy. https:\/\/talktools.com\/blogs\/from-the-experts\/aappspa-position-statement-oral-motor-therapy"},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.52010\/ijom.2011.37.1.1","article-title":"International Association of Orofacial Myology history: Origin, background, contributors","volume":"21","author":"Mills C. S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Orofacial Myology"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","first-page":"S61","article-title":"Multidisciplinary care planning and teamwork in primary care","volume":"188","author":"Mitchell G. K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8687608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. (2009 December). NHMRC levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/NHMRC%20Levels%20and%20Grades%20(2009).pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Protocolo fonoaudiol\u00f3gico de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do risco para disfagia (PARD) [Speech therapy protocol for risk assessment for dysphagia]","author":"Padovani A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Fonoaudiologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5209\/RLOG.61382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2013.841651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/pgfar03050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","volume-title":"Test di Comprensione Morfosintattica [Grammar Comprehension Test]","author":"Rustioni Metz Lancaster D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Patients treated with orthodontic-myofunctional therapeutic protocol","volume":"13","author":"Saccomanno S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"Case report of patients treated with an orthodontic and myofunctional protocol","volume":"15","author":"Saccomanno S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"A specific protocol of myo-functional therapy in children with Down syndrome. A pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Saccomanno S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.1999.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","volume-title":"Orofacial myofunctional therapy in traditional dental settings","author":"Sinclair A."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/029)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","unstructured":"Speech Pathology Australia. (2018). Orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD) (for speech pathologists). Retrieved October 1 2019 from https:\/\/www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au\/SPAweb\/Resources_for_Speech_Pathologists\/Professional_Resources\/HTML\/Orofacial_Myofunctional_Disorder"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2013.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v62i1.82"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","first-page":"595","article-title":"Interdisciplinary approach between dentistry and speech-language pathology in treatment of children with early childhood caries","volume":"17","author":"Tiemi Inagaki L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista CEFAC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjv044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","first-page":"819","article-title":"Un test di ripetizione di frasi. Analisi delle performances di bambini normali [A sentence repetition test. Performance analysis of normal children]","volume":"243","author":"Vender C.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neuropsichiatria Infantile"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"It's time to talk about myofunctional therapy","author":"Wijey R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australian Dental Practice, Special Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2011.636071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. https:\/\/www.who.int\/chp\/knowledge\/publications\/adherence_report\/en\/"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T12:22:33Z","timestamp":1670847753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2020_ajslp-20-00245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-0360","1558-9110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-0360","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]}}}