{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:24:20Z","timestamp":1790681060335,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a developmental disorder where children fail to acquire language in the absence of a clear cause. Many studies have reported general motor deficits in children with DLD, but no studies have uncovered a cure. The purpose of our study is to better understand the underlying motor deficits in DLD, starting from uninhibited primary reflexes\u2014which are the most basic stage of motor development. Knowledge of this motor\u2013language relationship should lead to earlier and more targeted interventions in young children with DLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with DLD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 75, age range: 4\u201310 years) and 99 age-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a nonword repetition test to assess DLD and six other tests to assess primitive reflexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with DLD demonstrated higher levels of persistent primitive reflexes compared to TD children. As the scores for neuromotor immaturity increased, nonword repetition test scores decreased (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= \u2212.44,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; .01). Results indicated that TD children exhibited lower neuromotor immaturity (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>= 7.63,<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>= 3.75) compared to children with DLD (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>= 13.51,<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>= 4.47). All primitive reflexes (the Moro reflex, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex in flexion and in extension, the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, the tonic labyrinthine reflex, and the Galant reflex) turned out to be statistically significantly different for the TD and DLD groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; .001). We also observed some differences between sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with impaired language development underwent slower neuromotor development. However, further research is needed to determine whether motor intervention programs that inhibit primitive reflexes are helpful for children with DLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-19-00423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T21:25:05Z","timestamp":1614115505000},"page":"935-948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Developmental Language Disorder and Uninhibited Primitive Reflexes in Young Children"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Matuszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Ga\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01209"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/070)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90123-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00858.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb02504.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","volume-title":"Uwarunkowania rozwoju ruchowego i jego zaburzenia w m\u00f3zgowym pora\u017ceniu dzieci\u0119cym [Determinants of motor development and its disorders in cerebral palsy]","author":"Borkowska M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Borkowska, M. (2001). Uwarunkowania rozwoju ruchowego i jego zaburzenia w m\u00f3zgowym pora\u017ceniu dzieci\u0119cym [Determinants of motor development and its disorders in cerebral palsy] . Wydawnictwo Zau\u0142ek."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820310001625589"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2013\/12-0215)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810389331"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ebs0000049"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/092)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0304)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.22210\/govor.2019.36.07","article-title":"Comparison of lexical-semantic processing in children with developmental language disorder and typically developing peers","volume":"36","author":"Drljan B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drljan, B. , & Vukovi\u0107, M. (2019). Comparison of lexical-semantic processing in children with developmental language disorder and typically developing peers. Govor, 36(2), 119\u2013138. https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/231502","journal-title":"Govor"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.289"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0167)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0310"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01117.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00677.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_1","volume-title":"Working memory and language","author":"Gathercole S. E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gathercole, S. E. , & Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Working memory and language. Lawrence Erlbaum Associated, Ltd."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658219408258940"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.60503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/pzp\/69471"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13575270500340234"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119945017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119164746"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_1","volume-title":"Odruchy, uczenie si\u0119 i zachowanie. Okno do umys\u0142u dziecka [Reflexes, learning and behavior. A window into the child's mind]","author":"Goddard Blythe S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goddard Blythe, S. (2018). Odruchy, uczenie si\u0119 i zachowanie. Okno do umys\u0142u dziecka [Reflexes, learning and behavior. A window into the child's mind] . Wydawnictwo PWN."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2007\/015)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_34_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Role of early-childhood reflexes in the psychomotor development of a child, and in learning","volume":"14","author":"Grzywniak C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grzywniak, C. (2016). Role of early-childhood reflexes in the psychomotor development of a child, and in learning. Acta Neuropsychologica, 14(2), 113\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/17307503.1213000","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychologica"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.5491"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0096)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb08214.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820010019874"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_1","volume-title":"Developmental disorders of language learning and cognition","author":"Hulme C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hulme, C. , & Snowling, M. J. (2009). Developmental disorders of language learning and cognition. Wiley Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/08-0197)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-010-0045-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2005.00049.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.52010\/ijom.2010.36.1.3","article-title":"Speech-language pathology findings in patients with mouth breathing: Multidisciplinary diagnosis according to etiology","volume":"36","author":"Junqueira P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Junqueira, P. , Marchesan, I. Q. , de Oliveira, L. R. , Ciccone, E. , Haddad, L. , & Rizzo, M. C. (2010). Speech-language pathology findings in patients with mouth breathing: Multidisciplinary diagnosis according to etiology. The International Journal of Orofacial Myology, 36, 27\u201332.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Orofacial Myology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0133"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0060"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9152.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2008.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1365480214562125"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02179-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.282"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02201.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02409"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.1997.864864.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0174"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_1_60_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ocena zaburze\u0144 psychomotorycznych u dzieci w wieku 4\u20136 lat za pomoc\u0105 test\u00f3w Sally Goddard Blythe [Psychomotor disorders assessment in 4\u20136 year-old children with INPP test battery]","volume":"8","author":"Pecuch A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pecuch, A. , Ko\u0142cz-Trz\u0119sicka, A. , \u017burowska, A. , & Paprocka-Borowicz, M. (2018). Ocena zaburze\u0144 psychomotorycznych u dzieci w wieku 4\u20136 lat za pomoc\u0105 test\u00f3w Sally Goddard Blythe [Psychomotor disorders assessment in 4\u20136 year-old children with INPP test battery] . Piel\u0119gniarstwo i Zdrowie Publiczne, 8(11), 11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/pzp\/75487","journal-title":"Piel\u0119gniarstwo i Zdrowie Publiczne"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11514.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0946-5448.20180002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-13-0306"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(98)00021-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14811.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-17-0056"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2017.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0457"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Children with specific language impairment","author":"Smoczy\u0144ska M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smoczy\u0144ska, M. (2006). Przedmowa do wydania polskiego [Preface to the Polish edition] . In L. B. Leonard (Ed.), Children with specific language impairment (pp. 6\u20137). Gda\u0144skie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01631.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_71_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Rola m\u00f3\u017cd\u017cku w regulacji funkcji poznawczych\u2014Uj\u0119cie neuropsychologiczne [The role of the cerebellum in control of cognitive functions\u2014Neuropsychological perspective]","volume":"8","author":"Starowicz-Filip A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Starowicz-Filip, A. , Milczarek, O. , Kwiatkowski, S. , B\u0119tkowska-Korpa\u0142a, B. , & Pi\u0105tek, P. (2013). Rola m\u00f3\u017cd\u017cku w regulacji funkcji poznawczych\u2014Uj\u0119cie neuropsychologiczne [The role of the cerebellum in control of cognitive functions\u2014Neuropsychological perspective] . Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology, 8(1), 24\u201331.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_1","volume-title":"Test Powtarzania Pseudos\u0142\u00f3w. TPP. Podr\u0119cznik [Nonword repetition test. NWR. Manual]","author":"Szewczyk J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szewczyk, J. , Smoczy\u0144ska, M. , Haman, E. , \u0141uniewska, M. , Kocha\u0144ska, M. , & Za\u0142upska, J. (2015). Test Powtarzania Pseudos\u0142\u00f3w. TPP. Podr\u0119cznik [Nonword repetition test. NWR. Manual] . Instytut Bada\u0144 Edukacyjnych."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1245"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162200000876"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70276-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000702"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0181"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03774.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0100"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_81_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Can replicating primary reflex movements improve reading ability?","volume":"36","author":"Wahlberg T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wahlberg, T. , & Ireland, D. (2005). Can replicating primary reflex movements improve reading ability? Optometry and Vision Development, 36(2), 89\u201392.","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0204)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T19:02:04Z","timestamp":1724526124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2020_jslhr-19-00423","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]}}}