{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:08:44Z","timestamp":1789549724419,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Impairments in statistical learning abilities of individuals with developmental dyslexia (DD) have been demonstrated in word segmentation and in visual artificial grammar learning (AGL) tasks, but so far, little attention has been devoted to the AGL abilities of this population in the acoustic verbal domain. This study aimed to test whether adolescents with dyslexia have difficulties in extracting abstract patterns from auditory sequences of nonsense syllables based on a finite state grammar relative to typically developing (TD) peers. We also tested whether incremental presentation of stimuli of different lengths (starting small) has a facilitating effect on learning complex structures in dyslexia (and in TD) as opposed to presenting strings in random order.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thirty-one adolescents with DD and 31 age-matched control participants completed an AGL task. Participants passively listened to acoustic sequences of nonsense syllables generated by an artificial grammar in the training phase. In the test phase, they were presented with pairs of novel grammatical and nongrammatical sequences and were required to decide which member of a sequence pair was more similar to the material heard during training.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Performance levels and the proportion of learners were smaller in participants with DD than in the control group. While the starting small effect was nominally present both in performance levels and in the number of learners in participants with DD, but not in the group with TD, the presentation of strings in incremental order did not statistically improve learning performance in either group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our results suggest that (a) statistical learning of abstract sequences in the acoustic domain is less efficient in people with dyslexia than in TD controls and (b) while incremental presentation of stimuli of different length did not improve learning in our study, the observed pattern of results suggests that the effects of different training designs should be explored further in developmental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T19:58:06Z","timestamp":1618257486000},"page":"1621-1635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Statistical Learning and the Effect of Starting Small in Developmental Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3594-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorottya","family":"Dob\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-BME Momentum Language Acquisition Research Group, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina S\u00e1ra","family":"Lukics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-BME Momentum Language Acquisition Research Group, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Sz\u0151ll\u0151si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9l","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-BME Momentum Language Acquisition Research Group, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Luk\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTA-BME Momentum Language Acquisition Research Group, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-STLT1-18-0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-STLT1-17-0135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2011.01200.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1487"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","volume-title":"3DM differential diagnostics for dyslexia: Cognitive analysis of reading and spelling","author":"Blomert L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blomert, L. , & Vaessen, A. 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