{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:45:11Z","timestamp":1793421911770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Lidcombe Program is an efficacious and effective intervention for early stuttering. The treatment is based on parent verbal response contingent stimulation procedures, which are assumed to be responsible for treatment effect. The present trial tested this assumption.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The design was a parallel, open plan, noninferiority randomized controlled trial. In the experimental arm, the five Lidcombe Program verbal contingencies were removed from parent instruction. The primary outcome was beyond-clinic percentage syllables stuttered at 18-month follow-up. Seventy-four children and their parents were randomized to one of the two treatment arms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Findings of noninferiority were inconclusive for the primary outcome of stuttering severity, based on a margin of 1.0 percentage syllables stuttered.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The inconclusive finding of noninferiority means it is possible that verbal contingencies make some contribution to the Lidcombe Program treatment effect. However, considering all primary and secondary outcomes, an overriding impression from the trial is a similarity of outcomes between the control and experimental arms. The clinical applications of the trial are discussed, along with further research that is needed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T20:53:35Z","timestamp":1600721615000},"page":"3419-3431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Verbal Contingencies in the Lidcombe Program: A Noninferiority Trial"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Donaghy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue","family":"O'Brian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2629-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Onslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-960X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross G.","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000241880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(71)90056-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(73)90028-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Behaviour modification: An introductory textbook","author":"Bellack A. S.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2005.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Stuttering research and practice: Bridging the gap","author":"Bernstein Ratner N.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026992000415868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2011.00233.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-15-0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829709020406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp090507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2015.1016110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S77568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1958.1-173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2005.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2010.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-13-0156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(02)00127-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Stuttering and related disorders of fluency","author":"Harrison E.","year":"1999","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820310001644551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549500802571704"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Does it work? Why does it work? Reconciling difficult questions","volume":"46","author":"Hayhow R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4306.1440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38520.451840.E0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2010\/09-0097)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1368282031000062882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2011.538434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2005\/024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/014)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","unstructured":"Lidcombe Program Trainers Consortium. (2018). [Homepage]. http:\/\/www.lidcombeprogram.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360.0602.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1504.743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549500802603895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/06-0069)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.783112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/080)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","unstructured":"Onslow M.\n (2020). Stuttering and its treatment: Eleven lectures. \nhttps:\/\/www.uts.edu.au\/research-and-teaching\/our-research\/australian-stuttering-research-centre\/asrc-resources\/resources"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3706.1244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5503.405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","volume-title":"The Lidcombe Program of early stuttering intervention: A clinician's guide","author":"Onslow M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","unstructured":"Onslow M. Webber M. Harrison E. Arnott S. Bridgman K. Carey B. Sheedy S. O'Brian S. MacMillan V. & \nLloyd W.\n (2020). The Lidcombe Program treatment guide. \nhttps:\/\/www.uts.edu.au\/research-and-teaching\/our-research\/australian-stuttering-research-centre\/asrc-resources\/resources"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","unstructured":"Packman A. Hansen E. J. & \nHerland M.\n (2007). Parents' experiences of the Lidcombe Program: The Norway\u2013Australia connection. Fifth World Congress on Fluency Disorders: New Horizons. The International Fluency Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.87802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(77)90026-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02425.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.3701.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","volume-title":"Science and human behaviour","author":"Skinner B. F.","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.12.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Parents as therapists in early stuttering intervention: Problem-solving for the speech pathologist","volume":"12","author":"Trajkovski N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2004\/009)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820110096670"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T05:08:25Z","timestamp":1618808905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]}}}