{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:26:03Z","timestamp":1789093563846,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>As follow-up to a previous study of probes, we evaluated the marking of tense and agreement (T\/A) in language samples by children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing controls in African American English (AAE) and Southern White English (SWE) while also examining the clinical utility of different scoring approaches and cut scores across structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The samples came from 70 AAE- and 36 SWE-speaking kindergartners, evenly divided between the SLI and typically developing groups. The structures were past tense, verbal \u2013<jats:italic>s,<\/jats:italic>auxiliary BE present, and auxiliary BE past. The scoring approaches were unmodified, modified, and strategic; these approaches varied in the scoring of forms classified as nonmainstream and other. The cut scores were dialect-universal and dialect-specific.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although low numbers of some forms limited the analyses, the results generally supported those previously found for the probes. The children produced a large and diverse inventory of mainstream and nonmainstream T\/A forms within the samples; strategic scoring led to the greatest differences between the clinical groups while reducing effects of the children's dialects; and dialect-specific cut scores resulted in better clinical classification accuracies, with measures of past tense leading to the highest levels of classification accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>For children with SLI, the findings contribute to studies that call for a paradigm shift in how children's T\/A deficits are assessed and treated across dialects. A comparison of findings from the samples and probes indicates that probes may be the better task for identifying T\/A deficits in children with SLI in AAE and SWE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Supplemental Material<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.13564709\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.13564709<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T23:14:15Z","timestamp":1611184455000},"page":"491-509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Marking of Tense and Agreement in Language Samples by Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment in African American English and Southern White English: Evaluation of Scoring Approaches and Cut Scores Across Structures"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3092-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janna B.","family":"Oetting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sentara, Woodbridge, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech Pathology and Audiology Department, South Carolina State University, Orangeburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyomi D.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Pace University, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina M.","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Apricot I language kit","author":"Arwood E. L.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_LSHSS-19-00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","volume-title":"The Routledge companion to the work of John R. Rickford","author":"Blake R.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","volume-title":"Language variety in the South revisited","author":"Bernstein C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"We do language: English language variation in the secondary English classroom","author":"Charity Hudley A. H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/persp3.SIG1.118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2013\/12-0122)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0055)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","volume-title":"The handbook of evidence-based practice in communication disorders","author":"Dollaghan C. A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2013Fourth Edition (PPVT-4)","author":"Dunn L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","volume-title":"Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence","author":"Ehrler D. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","volume-title":"MacArthur\u2013Bates Communicative Development Inventories","author":"Fenson L.","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/12-0100)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","author":"Goldman R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation\u2013Second Edition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511800306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","volume-title":"Language and the African American child","author":"Green L. J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvfxv99p.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_LSHSS-14-0017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJSLP-17-0098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/persp3.SIG1.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_LSHSS-16-0060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","volume-title":"Culturally responsive practices in speech, language, and hearing sciences","author":"Hyter Y. D.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/persp3.SIG1.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of African American language","author":"Lanehart S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/lle21.4.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9152.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","volume-title":"Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT), Version 2018 [Computer Software]","author":"Miller J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lv.16.1.05new"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-CLSLD-17-0156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Selected Proceedings of the 7th Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition\u2013North America Conference","author":"Oetting J. B.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","unstructured":"Oetting J. B. Berry J. R. Cleveland L. H. Garrity A. W. Gregory K. D. Lee-James R. \u2026 Rodrigue K. (2014). Language sample transcription and coding manual [Coding manual] . D4 Child Language Laboratory Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-L-19-0089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/persp1.SIG16.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/040)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-15-0036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-L-18-0388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Language competence across populations: Toward a definition of specific language impairment","author":"Rice M. L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","volume-title":"Rice\/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment","author":"Rice M. L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3906.1239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4106.1412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/455548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00031283-79-2-167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/12-0099)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-L-18-0437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203866986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.2902.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation\u2013Screening Test","author":"Seymour H. N.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation\u2013Norm Referenced","author":"Seymour H. N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2014.966394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"The Routledge companion to the work of John R. Rickford","author":"Spears A. K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.2704.355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","article-title":"Rural education at a glance, 2017 evaluation","volume":"171","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","year":"2017","journal-title":"Economic Information Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9841.2010.00452.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3704.816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","volume-title":"Dialects and American English","author":"Wolfram W.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","volume-title":"American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast","author":"Wolfram W.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.S3.707","article-title":"Effect of child and family poverty on child health in the United States","volume":"112","author":"Wood D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/lle21.4.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Communication development and disorders in African American children: Research, assessment and intervention","author":"Wyatt T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","volume-title":"Other people's English: Code-meshing, code-switching, and African American literacy","author":"Young V. A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst062"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T12:20:03Z","timestamp":1670847603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00243","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]}}}