{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:09:31Z","timestamp":1791590971284,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study determined the time course of the emergence of prevocalic stop consonants in young children with cleft palate following surgical repair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 120 children in four cohorts from three institutions were followed from 12 to 24 months of age: (a) 24 with repaired cleft lip and palate (CLP), (b) 36 with repaired cleft palate only (CP), (c) 33 without clefts but with histories of frequent otitis media and ventilation tubes (OM), and (d) 27 typically developing (TD) children without clefts or OM. Emergence of prevocalic stops and symbolic language skills were determined during administration of the Communication and Symbolic Behavioral Scales Developmental Profile. Parametric survival models were fitted with and without covariates\u2014recruitment site, gender, maternal education level, middle ear status, language ability, and age at surgery for children with clefts\u2014to describe the time course of the emergence of prevocalic stops.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The estimated age at which 80% of children demonstrated prevocalic stop emergence was 15.0, 15.3, 18.9, and 21.8 months for TD, OM, CP, and CLP groups, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; .001, unadjusted model). Both CP and CLP cohorts had a significantly longer time to stop emergence than either the TD or OM cohorts, even after adjusting for covariates. Abnormal middle ear status, lower symbolic language ability, and older age at palatal surgery were significantly associated with delayed stop emergence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Survival model estimates show that four out of five children with repaired cleft palate will achieve emergence of prevocalic stop consonants by 19\u201322 months of age, corresponding to 9\u201312 months following palate repair. Clinical implications are discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T23:01:01Z","timestamp":1606950061000},"page":"30-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Emergence of Prevocalic Stop Consonants in Children With Repaired Cleft Palate"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Zajac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Center, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda D.","family":"Vallino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Auditory and Speech Sciences, Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriane L.","family":"Baylis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben","family":"Adatorwovor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Preisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Vivaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Ecology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Survival analysis using SAS: A practical guide, Second Edition","author":"Allison P. 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