{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:14:22Z","timestamp":1791875662173,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The purposes of this study were (a) to introduce \u201clanguage access profiles\u201d as a viable alternative construct to \u201ccommunication mode\u201d for describing experience with language input during early childhood for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children; (b) to describe the development of a new tool for measuring DHH children's language access profiles during infancy and toddlerhood; and (c) to evaluate the novelty, reliability, and validity of this tool.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We adapted an existing retrospective parent report measure of early language experience (the Language Exposure Assessment Tool) to make it suitable for use with DHH populations. We administered the adapted instrument (DHH Language Exposure Assessment Tool [D-LEAT]) to the caregivers of 105 DHH children aged 12 years and younger. To measure convergent validity, we also administered another novel instrument: the Language Access Profile Tool. To measure test\u2013retest reliability, half of the participants were interviewed again after 1 month. We identified groups of children with similar language access profiles by using hierarchical cluster analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The D-LEAT revealed DHH children's diverse experiences with access to language during infancy and toddlerhood. Cluster analysis groupings were markedly different from those derived from more traditional grouping rules (e.g., communication modes). Test\u2013retest reliability was good, especially for the same-interviewer condition. Content, convergent, and face validity were strong.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To optimize DHH children's developmental potential, stakeholders who work at the individual and population levels would benefit from replacing communication mode with language access profiles. The D-LEAT is the first tool that aims to measure this novel construct. Despite limitations that future work aims to address, the present results demonstrate that the D-LEAT represents progress over the status quo.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T01:49:28Z","timestamp":1609292968000},"page":"134-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Measuring \u201cLanguage Access Profiles\u201d in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children With the DHH Language Exposure Assessment Tool"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3546-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3791-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"De Anda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Disorders and Sciences Program, University of Oregon, Eugene"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"American National Standard: Methods for calculation of the Speech Intelligibility Index (ANSI S3.5-1997)","author":"American National Standards Institute","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764204271506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.2.4.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 44th Boston University Conference on Language Development","author":"Carrigan E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18.3.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.09.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/cicsd_43_F_223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2015.0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-H-18-0137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3182839650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2050571X.2016.1238611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168100500115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris M.\n (2013). 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