{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:57:53Z","timestamp":1790711873803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to characterize the acoustic profile and to evaluate the intelligibility of vowel productions in prelingually deafened, Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-five children with CIs and 20 age-matched children with normal hearing (NH) were recorded producing a list of Mandarin disyllabic and trisyllabic words containing 20 Mandarin vowels [a, i, u, y, \u0264, \u027f, \u0285, ai, ei, ia, ie, ye, ua, uo, au, ou, iau, iou, uai, uei] located in the first consonant\u2013vowel syllable. The children with CIs were all prelingually deafened and received unilateral implantation before 7 years of age with an average length of CI use of 4.54 years. In the acoustic analysis, the first two formants (F1 and F2) were extracted at seven equidistant time locations for the tested vowels. The durational and spectral features were compared between the CI and NH groups. In the vowel intelligibility task, the extracted vowel portions in both NH and CI children were presented to six Mandarin-speaking, NH adult listeners for identification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The acoustic analysis revealed that the children with CIs deviated from the NH controls in the acoustic features for both single vowels and compound vowels. The acoustic deviations were reflected in longer duration, more scattered vowel categories, smaller vowel space area, and distinct formant trajectories in the children with CIs in comparison to NH controls. The vowel intelligibility results showed that the recognition accuracy of the vowels produced by the children with CIs was significantly lower than that of the NH children. The confusion pattern of vowel recognition in the children with CIs generally followed that in the NH children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggested that the prelingually deafened children with CIs, with a relatively long duration of CI experience, still showed measurable acoustic deviations and lower intelligibility in vowel productions in comparison to the NH children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T23:56:45Z","timestamp":1612223805000},"page":"664-682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vowel Production in Prelingually Deafened Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6702-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0988-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Ohio University, Athens"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200109000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2902.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/007)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(96)00063-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(03)00033-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2003\/090)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2011.639391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3301.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199215782.001.0001","volume-title":"The phonology of standard Chinese","author":"Duanmu S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/063)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3212921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Proceedings of 9th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Jeng H.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"F2\/F1 vowel quadrilateral area in young children with and without dysarthria","volume":"29","author":"Higgins C. 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