{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:11:43Z","timestamp":1790439103906,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LSHSS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This tutorial summarizes current best practices in treating American English \/r\/ distortions in children with residual speech errors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>To enhance the effectiveness of clinicians' cueing and feedback, the phonetics of \/r\/ production is reviewed. Principles of acquisition, which can inform how to practice \/r\/ in the early stages of therapy, are explained. Elements of therapy that lack scientific support are also mentioned.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although there is significant variability in \/r\/ production, the common articulatory requirements include an oral constriction, a pharyngeal constriction, tongue body lowering, lateral bracing, and slight lip rounding. Examples of phonetic cues and shaping strategies are provided to help clinicians elicit these movements to evoke correct \/r\/ productions. Principles of acquisition (e.g., blocked practice, frequent knowledge of performance feedback) are reviewed to help clinicians structure the earliest stages of treatment to establish \/r\/. Examples of approaches that currently lack scientific support include nonspeech oral motor exercises, tactile cues along the mylohyoid muscle, and heterogeneous groupings in group therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment strategies informed by phonetic science and motor learning theory can be implemented by all clinicians to enhance acquisition of \/r\/ for children with residual errors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Supplemental Material<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.12771329\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23641\/asha.12771329<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_lshss-20-00012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T17:05:30Z","timestamp":1597251930000},"page":"966-980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Tutorial: Motor-Based Treatment Strategies for \/r\/ Distortions"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9971-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Preston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences &amp; Disorders, Syracuse University, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-9495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina R.","family":"Benway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences &amp; Disorders, Syracuse University, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3792-2992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan C.","family":"Leece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences &amp; Disorders, Syracuse University, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine R.","family":"Hitchcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/017)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.417972"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"206","article-title":"Attaining the lingual components of \/r\/ with ultrasound for three adolescents with cochlear implants","volume":"34","author":"Bacsfalvi P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/ACS-2013-20104","article-title":"Towards an evidence base for \/r\/-therapy in English","volume":"20","author":"Ball M. 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