{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:27:18Z","timestamp":1791836838660,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Hear Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A questionnaire was administered to 528 tinnitus patients to obtain data on their reactions to tinnitus. Results include a discussion of: (a) population characteristics, (b) perceptual characteristics, (c) the impact of tinnitus on daily life, and (d) etiology. Significant gender differences are also discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Tinnitus was not an occasional phenomenon, but was present for more than 26 days per month in 74% of the patients. Other important findings about tinnitus include: (a) Hearing levels at 1000 and 4000 Hz were \u2264 25 dB HL for 18% of the tinnitus patients, which suggests that some patients had normal hearing or mild hearing losses; (b) the prevalence of tinnitus in patients with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was 30% for males and only 3% for females; (c) about 25% of the patients reported tinnitus severity had increased since tinnitus onset; (d) the effects of tinnitus were more severe in patients who reported tinnitus as their primary complaint and in patients diagnosed as having Meniere's syndrome tinnitus; and (e) some patients reported that noise exacerbated their tinnitus, whereas others reported that a quiet background exacerbated their tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5503.439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T17:36:14Z","timestamp":1406655374000},"page":"439-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":267,"title":["Characterization of Tinnitus by Tinnitus Patients"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"J. L.","family":"Stouffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City Department of Communicative Disorders University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"AMERICAN TINNITUS ASSOCIATION. (1986). Tinnitus patientsurvey. Portland OR: Author."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368909077819","article-title":"Tinnitus-A study of its prevalence and characteristics","volume":"23","author":"AXELSSON A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journalof Audiology"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BROWN R. D. PENNY J. E. HENLEY C. M. HODGES K. B. KUPETZ S. A. GLENN D. W. & JOBE J. C. (1981). Ototoxic drugs and noise. In D. E. Evered & G. Lawrenson (Eds.) Tinnitus [Ciba Foundation Symposium 85] (pp. 151-171). Bath England: Pitman Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470720677.ch9"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3109\/00206098409081535","article-title":"A comparison of variability among measurements of subjective tinnitus and objective stimuli","volume":"23","author":"BURNS E. M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"CLARK J. G. (1984). Tinnitus-An overview. In J. G. Clark & P. Yanick Jr. (Eds.) Tinnitus and its management:A clinicaltext for audiologists (pp. 3-14). Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COLES R. A. (1984a). Epidemiology of tinnitus: (1) Prevalence. In A. Shulman &J. C. Ballantyne (Eds.) Proceedingsof the II International Tinnitus Seminar (pp. 7-15). Ashford Kent England: Invicta Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755146300090041"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COLES R. A. (1984b). Epidemiology of tinnitus: (2) Demographic and clinical features. In A. Shulman &J. C. Ballantyne (Eds.) Proceedings of the II InternationalTinnitus Seminar (pp. 195-202). Ashford Kent England: Invicta Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755146300090466"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"COLES R. A. DAVIS A. C. & HAGGARD M. P. (1987). Epidemiology of tinnitus in adults. In J. Hazell (Eds.) Tinnitus (pp. 46-65). London: Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"COLES R. A. SMITH P. A. & DAVIS A. C. (1989). The relationship between noise induced hearing loss and tinnitus and its management. In B. Bergland U. Bergland U. Karlsson & T. Lindwall (Eds.) Noise as a public health problem (Vol. 4) (pp. 1-12). Stockholm: Swedish Council for Building Research."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385687","article-title":"Auditory tract asymmetry in brainstem electrical responses during binaural stimulation","volume":"69","author":"DECKER T. N.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1121\/1.387656","article-title":"Auditory brainstem response binaural interaction: Stimulus presentation level and auditory tract asymmetry","volume":"71","author":"DECKER T. N.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journalof the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(77)90101-4","article-title":"Age as a factor in the handedness of adults","volume":"15","author":"FLEMINGER J. J.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368509078966","article-title":"A clinical study of tinnitus maskers","volume":"19","author":"HAZELL J. W.","year":"1985","journal-title":"BritishJournal of Audiology"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3104.605","article-title":"Prediction of individual loudness exponents from cross-modality matching","volume":"31","author":"HELLMAN R. P.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journalof Speech andHearing Research"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3109\/00206098509070103","article-title":"A factor analytical study of tinnitus complaint behaviour","volume":"24","author":"JAKES S. C.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3109\/01050398409042138","article-title":"Tinnitus-incidence and handicap","volume":"13","author":"LINDBERG P.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scandinavian Audiology"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2004621","article-title":"Binaural interaction asymmetries in human ABR's","volume":"68","author":"LOBAUGH P.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"McFADDEN D. (1982). Tinnitusfacts theories and treatments (pp. 55-116). Washington DC: National Academy Press."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS (1967). Hearing levels of adults by race region and area of residence United States 1960-1962 (Vital and Health Statistics Publication Series 11 No. 26). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS (1980). Basic data on hearing levels of adults 25-74 years United States 1971-1975 (Vital and Health Statistics Publication Series 11 No. 215). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2602.263","article-title":"Variability in matches to subjective tinnitus","volume":"26","author":"PENNER M. J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journalof Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2903.400","article-title":"Tinnitus as a source of internal noise","volume":"29","author":"PENNER M. J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journalof Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2903.407","article-title":"Magnitude estimation and the \"paradoxical","volume":"29","author":"PENNER M. J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"SLATER R. JONES D. & TERRY M. (1983). Tinnitus survey initial results from the tinnitus research group Cardiff. British Tinnitus Association Newsletter 20. London: Royal National Institute for the Deaf."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"SLATER R. &TERRY M. (1987). Tinnitus: A guidefor sufferers and professionals.London: Croom Helm."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907827","article-title":"On the validity of loudness scale","volume":"31","author":"STEVENS S. S.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"150","article-title":"Difficulties experienced by tinnitus sufferers","volume":"48","author":"TYLER R. S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and HearingDisorders"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2601.59","article-title":"The determination of tinnitus loudness considering the effects of recruitment","volume":"26","author":"TYLER R. 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