{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T04:47:10Z","timestamp":1767156430731},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two questions are addressed in this presentation and integration of experimental data from seven years of research. They are (a) is spasmodic dysphonia (SD) a neurologic disorder; and (b) if so, where in the nervous system does the dysfunction have its locus? The conclusion is that SD is a supranuclear movement disorder primarily, but not exclusively, affecting the larynx. For over 50% of the subjects, isolated, multifocal, cortical lesions can be identified, specifically in left frontal\/temporal cortex (perisylvian region), medial frontal cortex, and right posterior temporal\/parietal cortex. Twenty-five percent have mixed subcortical and cortical pathology. Seven percent manifest subcortical lesions alone. For 16%, neither cortical nor subcortical structural or functional lesions are identified. Three etiologic processes that could produce mild multiple cortical and subcortical lesions are closed head injury, multi-infarct microvascular disease, and exposure to neurotoxins. These processes are discussed with reference to the population studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3203.541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T17:24:32Z","timestamp":1406654672000},"page":"541-555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Spasmodic Dysphonia, Whether and Where"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Terese","family":"Finitzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Dallas Center for Vocal Motor Control","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1310","container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jshr.3203.541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T08:54:48Z","timestamp":1577091288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jshr.3203.541"}},"subtitle":["Results of Seven Years of Research"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jshr.3203.541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3203.541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1092-4388"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-9102"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}}}