{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T01:42:55Z","timestamp":1769737375794,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glossometry was used to teach the four point vowels (\/i, \u00e6u,a\/) to 6 profoundly hearing-impaired children. Prior to treatment, all subjects evidenced centralized tongue positions during vowel productions. After 15 to 20 fifty-minute training sessions over 3- to 4-week time periods, all subjects showed greater diversification of tongue postures for the vowels, especially in tongue height. Listener identifications were generally better after therapy. The training results suggested that visually presented models and feedback of tongue positions can facilitate more appropriate tongue postures and improve vowel intelligibility by hearing-impaired speakers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3404.943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:22:18Z","timestamp":1406668938000},"page":"943-956","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Teaching Vowels to Profoundly Hearing-Impaired Speakers Using Glossometry"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Samuel G.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Dagenais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Critz-Crosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2902.156","article-title":"The vowel formants of deaf and normal hearing eleven- to fourteen-year-old boys","volume":"29","author":"Angeloccl A.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2701.134","article-title":"Auditory perception of speech contrasts by subjects with sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"27","author":"Boothroyd A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1121\/1.390987","article-title":"Underlying dimensions and individual differences in auditory, visual, and auditory-visual vowel perception by hearing-impaired children","volume":"75","author":"Busby P. A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","unstructured":"Dagenais P. A. & Critz-Crosby P. (in press). Comparing tongue positioning by normal hearing and hearing-impaired children during vowel production. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"Dagenais P. A. & Fletcher S. G. (1989). Tongue positioning during vowel production by normal and deaf children. Poster session presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention St. Louis MO."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of the acoustics of speech","volume":"5","author":"Fant G.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Logos"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098903200203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1988.tb00417.x","article-title":"Using visual information to train foreign-language vowel production","volume":"38","author":"Flege J. E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098602900404","article-title":"The physiological specification of American English vowels","volume":"29","author":"Flege J. E.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Speech and language, advances in basic research and practice","author":"Fletcher S. G.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3404.929","article-title":"Teaching consonants to profoundly hearing-impaired speakers using palatometry","volume":"34","author":"Fletcher S. G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4802.178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699208908985296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1804.812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2501.100","article-title":"Auditory, visual, and auditory-visual perception of vowels by hearing impaired children","volume":"25","author":"Hack Z. C.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"An investigation of the intelligibility of the speech of the deaf","volume":"25","author":"Hudgins C. V.","year":"1942","journal-title":"Genetic Psychological Monogram"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","volume-title":"Examiner\u2019s manual for the Leiter International Performance Scale","author":"Leiter G. R.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","volume-title":"General instructions for the Leiter International Performance Scale","author":"Leiter G. R.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Why are speech spectrograms hard to read?","volume":"113","author":"Liberman A. L.","year":"1968","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","volume-title":"Speech and the hearing-impaired child: Theory and practice","author":"Ling D. L.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","unstructured":"Linker W. (1982). Articulatory and acoustic correlates of labial activity in vowels: A Cross-linguistic study. (Doctor dissertation University of California Los Angeles.) [Also available as UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 56 ]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","author":"McCutcheon M. J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31243-4","article-title":"Normal and reduced phonological space: The production of English vowels by deaf adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Monsen R. B.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(78)90034-5","article-title":"Improvement in vowel articulation of deaf children","volume":"11","author":"Monsen R. B.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Speech of the hearing impaired: Research, training, and personnel preparation","author":"Osberger M. J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3002.241","article-title":"Training effects on vowel production by two profoundly hearing-impaired speakers","volume":"30","author":"Osberger M. J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/002383097902200103","article-title":"Tongue position in rounded and unrounded front vowel pairs","volume":"22","author":"Raphael L.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1804.795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Human Motor Behavior. An Introduction","author":"Stelmach G. E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1974"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jshr.3404.943","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T04:40:24Z","timestamp":1618807224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jshr.3404.943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jshr.3404.943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3404.943","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]}}}