{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:14:24Z","timestamp":1789647264414,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Communication devices designed to augment the language development of individuals with severe cognitive disabilities and little or no functional speech typically contain primarily nouns because they seem easiest to acquire and evaluate. In this study, the effect of a more diverse vocabulary was assessed. Systematic observations of the use of computerized speech-output devices by 12 youth with moderate or severe mental retardation and severe spoken language disability and by their partners were made over a 2-year period. Social-regulative symbols (e.g., \"please,\" \"I\u2019m finished\") were used as soon as they were introduced, and their availability expanded the focus of conversations both at home and at school. Implications for conceptualizing variation in early language use and for the design of language intervention programs are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3506.1333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:20:52Z","timestamp":1406668852000},"page":"1333-1343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Symbol Vocabulary and the Focus of Conversations"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Lauren B.","family":"Adamson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia State University and Emory University Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Romski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia State University and Emory University Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Deffebach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia State University and Emory University Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose A.","family":"Sevcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia State University and Emory University Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Children\u2019s development within social contexts: Metatheoretical, theoretical, and methodological issues","author":"Adamson L. B","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Annals of Child Development","author":"Adamson L. B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Interaction in human development","author":"Bakeman R.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Language and communication in mentally handicapped people","author":"Barrett M. D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/07434619112331275883","article-title":"Vocabulary selection in augmentative and alternative communication.","volume":"7","author":"Beukelman D. R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Child\u2019s talk: Learning to use language","author":"Bruner J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900001288","article-title":"Transitional phenomena in early language acquisition.","volume":"3","author":"Dore J.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised","author":"Dunn L.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","volume-title":"The analysis of cross-classified categorical data","author":"Fienberg S. E.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/014272378800802302","article-title":"What makes communication run? Characteristics of immediate successes","volume":"8","author":"Golinkoff R. M.","year":"1988","journal-title":"First Language,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/014272378800802204","article-title":"Three types of early word: The emergence of social words, names and cognitive-relational words in the one-word stage and their relation to cognitive development.","volume":"8","author":"Gopnik A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"First Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","volume-title":"The structure of communication in early language development","author":"Greenfield P.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-443701-2.50025-1","volume-title":"Learning how to mean.","author":"Halliday M. A.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2307\/1130512","article-title":"Language use in mother-child and mother-child-sibling interactions","volume":"58","author":"Jones C. P.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Development,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Language perspectives: Acquisition, retardation, and intervention","author":"Kaiser A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Causes and effects of communication and language intervention","author":"Kaiser A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Considerations in the planning of communication intervention: Selecting a lexicon.","volume":"8","author":"Karlan G.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4203.340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","volume-title":"Assessment of the interaction needs of individuals using AAC systems","author":"Light J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","volume-title":"Systematic analysis of language transcripts","author":"Miller J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","volume-title":"Communication programming for persons with handicaps","author":"Musselwhite C. R.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1165788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Causes and effects of communication and language intervention","author":"Reichle J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Causes and effects of communication and language intervention","author":"Romski M. A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618812331274667","article-title":"Augmentative communication systems: Considerations for individuals with severe intellectual disabilities.","volume":"5","author":"Romski M. A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5403.366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","article-title":"American Journal of Mental Retardation","author":"Romski M. A.","journal-title":"Peer-directed communicative interactions of augmented language learners with mental retardation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","volume-title":"Language learning by a chimpanzee: The Lana Project","author":"Rumbaugh D. M.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.115.3.211","article-title":"Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus).","volume":"115","author":"Savage-Rumbaugh E. S.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","article-title":"Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University","author":"Sevcik R. A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"A comprehensive analysis of graphic symbol acquisition and use: Evidence from an infant bonobo (Pan paniscus)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","volume-title":"Augmented linguistic input to nonspeaking children","author":"Sevcik R. A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","volume-title":"Symbol formation","author":"Wemer H.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","volume-title":"Emerging symbol combinations in children with retardation using augmented communication","author":"Wilkinson K. M.","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jshr.3506.1333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T04:42:32Z","timestamp":1618807352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jshr.3506.1333"}},"subtitle":["Augmenting Language Development for Youth With Mental Retardation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jshr.3506.1333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3506.1333","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}}}