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Nine other subjects were born with normal hearing, which they lost in late childhood; they subsequently acquired ASL as a second language (because they had acquired spoken English as a first language in early childhood). ASL sentence processing was measured by recall of long and complex sentences and short-term memory for signed digits. Subjects who acquired ASL as a second language after childhood outperformed those who acquired it as a first language at exactly the same age. In addition, the performance of the subjects who acquired ASL as a first language declined in association with increasing age of acquisition. Effects were most apparent for sentence processing skills related to lexical identification, grammatical acceptability, and memory for sentence meaning. No effects were found for skills related to fine-motor production and pattern segmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3606.1258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:17:17Z","timestamp":1406668637000},"page":"1258-1270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":166,"title":["First-Language Acquisition After Childhood Differs From Second-Language Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Rachel I.","family":"Mayberry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.91.2.260","article-title":"The critical period concept: Research, methodology and theoretical issues","volume":"91","author":"Columbo J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.2307\/415005","article-title":"Competence differences between native and non-native speakers","volume":"63","author":"Coppieters R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Genie: A psycholinguists study of a modern-day \u201cwild child.\u201d","author":"Curtiss S.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1990.71.3f.1227","article-title":"Lexical recognition in sign language: Effects of phonetic structure and morphology","volume":"71","author":"Emmorey K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/8.2.162","article-title":"A critical period for learning to pronounce foreign languages?","volume":"8","author":"Flege J. 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