{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:11:08Z","timestamp":1792062668623,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many children with Down syndrome display asynchrony in development with the acquisition of language preceding at a slower pace than the acquisition of other cognitive skills. Recent research suggests that the expressive language delays that are displayed by these children may be associated with an earlier disturbance in the development of nonverbal requesting skills (Mundy, Sigman, Kasari, &amp; Yirmiya, 1988; Smith &amp; von Tetzchner, 1986). To test this hypothesis, a longitudinal study of 37 children with Down syndrome and 25 children with normal development was conducted. The results of the study indicated that this sample of children with Down syndrome exhibited a disturbance in nonverbal requesting. Furthermore, individual differences in nonverbal requesting were associated with the subsequent development of expressive language in these children. This association was observed even after taking into account initial variance in developmental level and language status. These data suggested that some of the processes involved in the expressive language delay of children with Down syndrome were not unique to linguistic development. Instead, some aspects of this delay appeared to be associated with problems in an earlier nonverbal phase of communication development. Additionally, the results suggested that measures of nonverbal communication skills also made a unique contribution to the prediction of language development among children with normal development. These data supported the hypothesis that the acquisition of nonverbal communication skills provides an important foundation for the emergence of language in atypical as well as typical development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3801.157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1406668267000},"page":"157-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Nonverbal Communication and Early Language Acquisition in Children With Down Syndrome and in Normally Developing Children"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Mundy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Coral Gables, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Kasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Sigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Ruskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2307\/1129748","article-title":"Affect and attention: Infants observed with mothers and peers","volume":"56","author":"Adamson L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","volume-title":"The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy","author":"Bates E.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development","author":"Bayley N.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581786.011","volume-title":"Children with Down Syndrome: A developmental perspective","author":"Beeghly M.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Children\u2019s theories of mind: Mental states and social understanding","author":"Bretherton I.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(74)90012-2","article-title":"From cognition to language: A psychological perspective","volume":"3","author":"Bruner J.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Studies in mother infant interaction","author":"Bruner J.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Thought without language","author":"Butterworth G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/13682827709011316","article-title":"The analysis of language level and language function: A methodological study","volume":"12","author":"Cantwell D.","year":"1977","journal-title":"British Journal of Disorders of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Early vocabulary acquisition by children with Down Syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Cardoso-Martins C.","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","volume-title":"The intelligence of infants","author":"Cattell P.","year":"1940"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","volume-title":"Movement assessment of infants","author":"Chandler L.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01539631","article-title":"Sensorimotor functioning and communication in mute autistic children","volume":"8","author":"Curcio F.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"296","article-title":"Communicative and sensorimotor development of Down\u2019s syndrome children","volume":"84","author":"Greenwald C.","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/64.4.471","article-title":"Reliability of observational measures of the Movement Assessment of Infants","volume":"4","author":"Harris S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","unstructured":"Hogan A. 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