{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:20:28Z","timestamp":1790223628535,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This study assessed the communication initiation and repair behaviors of 28 individuals with severe to profound mental retardation in a variety of experimental conditions. All of these individuals communicated through nonsymbolic gestures. The experimental procedures were devised to simulate the conditions that typically evoke two different types of initiations: comments and requests. Each subject initiation was followed by an experimenter response that indicated a communication breakdown to determine if and how these subjects would attempt to repair such breakdowns. Different indicators of communication breakdown were systematically varied in these scripted interactions, including explicit requests for repair (verbal and gestural) and implicit requests for repair (failure to respond or inappropriate response to the subject\u2019s communication act). All subjects initiated at least one communication act, and all but three subjects repaired at least one communication act following a breakdown. Significantly more subjects initiated protoimperative than protodeclarative communication acts, despite equal opportunities for both types of acts. Across all conditions,\n            <jats:italic>additions<\/jats:italic>\n            were observed to occur significantly less often than\n            <jats:italic>recasts<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>repetitions. There were<\/jats:italic>\n            no significant differences in the number of subjects repairing communication following the different types of communication breakdown.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3806.1334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:08:29Z","timestamp":1406668109000},"page":"1334-1348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Initiation and Repair of Intentional Communication Acts by Adults With Severe to Profound Cognitive Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Nancy C.","family":"Brady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parsons Research Center, University of Kansas Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, Parsons"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parsons Research Center, University of Kansas Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, Parsons"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee K.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parsons Research Center, University of Kansas Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, Parsons"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Clinical dysarthria","author":"Ansel B. M.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3405.1087","article-title":"Responses to requests for conversational repair by adults with mental retardation","volume":"34","author":"Brinton B.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2901.75","article-title":"Development of conversational repair strategies in response to requests for clarification","volume":"29","author":"Brinton B.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674732469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5103.252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1985.18-111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Communicative assessment of nonverbal youths with severe\/profound mental retardation","volume":"23","author":"Cirrin F. M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mental Retardation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Clarification strategies used by four Down\u2019s syndrome children for maintaining normal conversational interactions","volume":"17","author":"Coggins T. E.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Education and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01539631","article-title":"Sensorimotor functioning and communication in mute autistic children","volume":"8","author":"Curcio F.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/154079698501000103","article-title":"Using a behavior chain interruption strategy to teach communication skills to students with severe disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Goetz L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","first-page":"296","article-title":"Communicative and sensorimotor development of Down\u2019s syndrome children","volume":"84","author":"Greenwald C","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Syntax and semantics: Vol. 3 Speech acts","author":"Grice H. P.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"Classification in mental retardation","author":"Grossman H. J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03392819","article-title":"Teaching mands by manipulating conditioned establishing operation","volume":"5","author":"Hall C","year":"1987","journal-title":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Teaching functional language to the handicapped: An integrative model of natural environment teaching techniques","volume":"7","author":"Halle J. W.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for the Severely Handicapped"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1979.12-431","article-title":"Time delay: A technique to increase language use and facilitate generalization in retarded children","volume":"12","author":"Halle J. W.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Enhancing children\u2019s communication: Research foundations for intervention","author":"Kent R. D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Sensorimotor functioning and prelinguistic communication of severely and profoundly retarded individuals","volume":"85","author":"Labato D.","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"Communication in retarded adolescents: Response to listener feedback","volume":"80","author":"Longhurst T. M.","year":"1975","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-199305000-00007","article-title":"Communication intervention for adults with severe mental retardation","volume":"13","author":"McLean J. E.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Topics in Language Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3402.294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Profile of the prelinguistic intentional communicative behaviors of children with profound mental retardation","volume":"97","author":"Ogletree B. T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400005221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Pragmatic assessment and intervention issues in language","author":"Prutting C. A.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5403.366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","first-page":"527","article-title":"Peer-directed communicative interactions of augmented language learners with mental retardation","volume":"98","author":"Romski M. A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effects of increased opportunities within scripted activities on communication rates of individuals with severe retardation","volume":"7","author":"Sack S.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behavioral Residential Treatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1991.24-791","article-title":"Assessment of stimuli controlling the requests of students with severe mental retardation during a snack routine","volume":"24","author":"Schussler N. G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-4222(89)90006-1","article-title":"Developing mand and tact repertoires in persons with severe developmental disabilities using graphic symbols","volume":"10","author":"Sigafoos J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Language intervention with children who have developmental delays: Effects of an interactive approach","volume":"97","author":"Tannock R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2703.364","article-title":"Profiles in communicative and cognitive-social abilities in autistic children","volume":"27","author":"Wetherby A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5402.148"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jshr.3806.1334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T05:13:17Z","timestamp":1618809197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jshr.3806.1334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jshr.3806.1334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3806.1334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}}}