{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:08:22Z","timestamp":1787004502796,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of varying length and linguistic utterance types on temporal acoustic characteristics of the imitative speech of apraxic speakers. Vowel duration and two between-word segment durations were examined during the production of three response types: words, word-strings, and sentences. Three length conditions were studied in words, two length conditions for word-strings, and three length conditions for sentences, yielding eight experimental conditions. Apraxic speakers exhibited significantly longer vowel and between-word segment durations than control speakers in all conditions. Apraxic speakers consistently produced longer vowel and between-word segment durations in sentence contexts than in word contexts. Further, intrasubject and intersubject variability for between-word segment durations were substantially greater for the apraxic speakers in sentences compared to word conditions, whereas control speakers exhibited greater homogeneity in sentence production. The differences in duration and variability in sentence production versus word or word-string production imply different mechanisms for executing motor programs for varying linguistic stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3905.1018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T17:02:35Z","timestamp":1406653355000},"page":"1018-1033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Effects of Length and Linguistic Complexity on Temporal Acoustic Measures in Apraxia of Speech"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Edythe A.","family":"Strand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences University of Washington Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm R.","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Prediction of Revised Token Test overall, subtest, and linguistic unit scores by two shortened versions","volume":"14","author":"Arvedson J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clinical Aphasiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(90)90003-Y","article-title":"Temporal dimension of consonant and vowel production: An acoustic and CT scan analysis of aphasic speech","volume":"39","author":"Baum S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.1.1","article-title":"Toward a cognitive psychology of syntax: Information processing contributions to sentence formulation","volume":"89","author":"Boch J. K.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(79)90050-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Spectrographic analysis of vowel and word duration an apraxia of speech","volume":"26","author":"Collins M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"Motor speech disorders","author":"Darley F. L.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4202.257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Apraxia of speech: Physiology, acoustics, linguistics, management","author":"Duffy J. R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(84)90064-6","article-title":"Prosodic disturbance in aphasia: Vowel length in Thai","volume":"23","author":"Gandour J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","volume-title":"The assessment of aphasia and related disorders","author":"Goodglass H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1903366","article-title":"Effect of speaking mode on temporal factors in speech: Vowel duration","volume":"56","author":"Harris M. S.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906982","article-title":"The influence of consonant environment upon the secondary acoustical characteristics of vowels","volume":"25","author":"House A. S.","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1303.556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2602.231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Phonetic approaches to speech production in aphasia and related disorders","author":"Kent R. D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000259350","article-title":"The effects of stress on certain articulatory parameters","volume":"24","author":"Kent R. D.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"613","article-title":"Acoustic characteristics of dysarthria associated with cerebellar disease","volume":"2","author":"Kent R. D.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(82)90060-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","volume-title":"Design and analysis: A researcher\u2019s handbook","author":"Keppel G.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31360-9","article-title":"Vowel lengthening is syntactically determined in a connected discourse","volume":"3","author":"Klatt D. H.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","volume-title":"Some temporal regularities of spoken Swedish","author":"Lindblom B.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"A comparison of speech kinematics among apraxic, conduction, aphasic, dysarthric and normal geriatric speakers","volume":"19","author":"McNeil M. R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clinical Aphasiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Labio-mandibular kinematic durations, displacement, velocities, and dysmetrias in apraxic and normal adults","volume":"18","author":"McNeil M. R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical Aphasiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Acoustically derived perceptual evidence for coarticulatory deficits in conduction aphasia and apraxia of speech","volume":"21","author":"McNeil M. R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Aphasiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"Advances in psychology: Cerebral control of speech and limb movements","author":"McNeil M. R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(90)90106-Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","volume-title":"Revised Token Test","author":"McNeil M. R.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3302.255","article-title":"Oral structure nonspeech motor control in normal, dysarthric, aphasic, and apraxic speakers: Isometric force and static position control","volume":"33","author":"McNeil M. R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","volume-title":"Some temporal characteristics of imitative speech in non-brain-injured, aphasic, and apraxic adults","author":"Mercaitis P. A.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Articulatory consistency and variability in apraxia of speech","volume":"11","author":"Mlcoch A. G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clinical Aphasiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5502.345","article-title":"Perceptual characteristics of consonant productions by apraxic speakers","volume":"55","author":"Odell K. H.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3401.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914393","article-title":"The effects of position in utterance on speech segment duration in English","volume":"54","author":"Oiler D. K.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908183","article-title":"Duration of syllable nucleus in English","volume":"32","author":"Peterson G. E.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","volume-title":"Porch Index of Communicative Ability","author":"Porch B. E.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3203.512","article-title":"Lip movement in apraxia of speech","volume":"32","author":"Robin D.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1601.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(81)90066-X","article-title":"Motor aphasia: Acoustic correlates of phonetic disintegration in vowels","volume":"19","author":"Ryalls J. H.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000261715","article-title":"Some acoustic aspects of fundamental frequency of CVC utterances in aphasia","volume":"41","author":"Ryalls J. H.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90033-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","volume-title":"Phonetic approaches to speech production in aphasia and related disorders","author":"Ryalls J. H.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30191-3","article-title":"Effects of experimental manipulations and intrinsic contrasts on relationships between duration and temporal variability in children\u2019s and adult speech","volume":"22","author":"Smith B. L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403675","article-title":"Relationships between duration and temporal variability in children\u2019s speech","volume":"91","author":"Smith B. L.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","unstructured":"Strand E. A. & McCauley R. (1990). Subject selection and description in apraxia of speech research: Methodological considerations. Paper presented at the Clinical Aphasiology Conference Sante Fe NM."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1903366","article-title":"Effect of speaking mode on temporal factors in speech: Vowel duration","volume":"56","author":"Umeda N.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","volume-title":"Apraxia of speech in adults: The disorder and its management","author":"Wertz R. T.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(85)90032-X","article-title":"Anticipatory coartlculatlon In a patient with apraxia of speech","volume":"26","author":"Zeigler W.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90032-5","article-title":"Disturbed coarticulation in apraxia of speech: Acoustic evidence","volume":"29","author":"Zeigler W.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain and Language"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jshr.3905.1018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:45:58Z","timestamp":1618785958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jshr.3905.1018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jshr.3905.1018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3905.1018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}}}