{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:09:04Z","timestamp":1778170144626,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this research was to train a self-organizing map (SOM) on various acoustic measures (amplitude perturbation quotient, degree of voice breaks, rahmonic amplitude, soft phonation index, standard deviation of the fundamental frequency, and peak amplitude variation) of the sustained vowel \/a\/ to enhance visualization of the multidimensional nonlinear regularities inherent in the input data space. The SOM was trained using 30 spasmodic dysphonia exemplars, 30 pretreatment functional dysphonia exemplars, 30 post-treatment functional dysphonia exemplars, and 30 normal voice exemplars. After training, the classification performance of the SOM was evaluated. The results indicated that the SOM had better classification performance than that of a stepwise discriminant analysis over the original data. Analysis of the weight values across the SOM, by means of stepwise discriminant analysis, revealed the relative importance of the acoustic measures in classification of the various groups. The SOM provided both an easy way to visualize multidimensional data, and enhanced statistical predictability at distinguishing between the various groups (over that conducted on the original data set). We regard the results of this study as a promising initial step into the use of SOMs with multiple acoustic measures to assess phonatory function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4202.355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:09:11Z","timestamp":1406668151000},"page":"355-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Self-Organizing Map for the Classification of Normal and Disordered Female Voices"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Callan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Disorders University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray D.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Disorders University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders Minot State University Minot, ND"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Tasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Disorders University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Predicting voice quality of deaf speakers on the basis of glottal characteristics","volume":"29","author":"Arends N.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","volume-title":"Psychogenic voice disorders: An interdisciplinary approach to detection, diagnosis, and therapy","author":"Aronson A. E.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.3102.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Disorders of motor speech: Assessment, treatment, and clinical characterization","author":"Cannito M. P.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","volume-title":"CSL","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 2nd European Congress of Oto-rhino-larynology and Cervico-facial Surgery: Vol. 4. The new frontiers of oto-rhino-laryngology in Europe","author":"Dejonckere P. H.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Cepstra of normal and pathologial voices, in correlation with acoustic, aerodynamic, and perceptual data","author":"Dejonckere P. H.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in clinical phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/02699209408985304","article-title":"Spectral, cepstral, and aperiodicity characteristics of pathological voices before and after phonosurgical treatment","volume":"8","author":"Dejonckere P. H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3302.298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3704.769","article-title":"Acoustic correlates of breathy vocal quality","volume":"37","author":"Hillenbrand J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Speech & Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4604.428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3902.311","article-title":"Acoustic correlates of breathy vocal quality: Dysphonic voices and continuous speech","volume":"39","author":"Hillenbrand J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Speech & Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Clinical examination of voice","author":"Hirano M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Laryngeal dysfunction in neurological disease: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and stroke","volume":"2","author":"Kent R. D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97610-0_3","volume-title":"Self-organizing maps","author":"Kohonen T.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"SOM_PAK: The Self-Organizing Map Program Package","author":"Kohonen T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2802.169","article-title":"Quantitative spectral evaluation of shimmer and jitter","volume":"28","author":"Klingholz F.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30698-9","article-title":"Cepstrum analysis of pathologic voices","volume":"14","author":"Koike Y.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Fundamental frequency stability in functional dysphonia","volume":"4","author":"Kotby M. N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"NCVS Status and Progress Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1121\/1.416074","article-title":"The perceptual structure of pathologic voice quality","volume":"100","author":"Kreiman J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1121\/1.410277","article-title":"The multidimensional nature of pathologic vocal quality","volume":"96","author":"Kreiman J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3301.103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3503.512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000266432","article-title":"Categorization of voice disorders with six perceptual dimensions","volume":"49","author":"Leinonen I.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3502.287","article-title":"Dysphonia detected by pattern recognition of spectral composition","volume":"35","author":"Leinonen I.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3109\/14015439309101362","article-title":"Detection of dysphonia by pattern recognition of speech spectra","volume":"18","author":"Leinonen I.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Logopaedica Phoniatrica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3002.197","article-title":"Dynamic aspects of phonatory control in spasmodic dysphonia","volume":"30","author":"Ludlow C. L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988409200105","article-title":"Procedures for the selection of spastic dysphonia patients for recurrent laryngeal nerve section","volume":"92","author":"Ludlow C. L.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110400614","article-title":"Successful treatment of selected cases of abductor spasmodic dysphonia using botulinum toxin injection","volume":"104","author":"Ludlow C. L.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","volume-title":"Matlab","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381439","article-title":"Multidimensional classification of abnormal voice qualities","volume":"61","author":"Murry T.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02534091","article-title":"Acoustical recognition of laryngeal pathology using the fundamental frequency and the first three formants of vowels","volume":"35","author":"Perrin E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80280-2","article-title":"Spectral pattern recognition of improved voice quality","volume":"8","author":"Rihkanen H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Voice"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","first-page":"662","article-title":"A method for the treatment of abductor spasmodic dysphonia with botulinum toxin injections: A preliminary report","volume":"84","author":"Rontal M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80333-9","article-title":"Effects of the manual musculoskeletal tension reduction technique as a treatment for functional voice disorders: Perceptual and acoustic measures","volume":"7","author":"Roy N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) changes following successful management of functional dysphonia","volume":"18","author":"Roy N.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1109\/T-C.1969.222678","article-title":"A non-linear mapping for data structure analysis","volume":"18","author":"Sammon J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computers"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","volume-title":"SPSS","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","volume-title":"Voice Disorders Database","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3802.273","article-title":"Acoustic prediction of severity in commonly occurring voice problems","volume":"38","author":"Wilson J. A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3802.273","article-title":"Acoustic prediction of severity in commonly occurring voice problems","volume":"38","author":"Wolfe V.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5301.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3002.230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199204000-00006","article-title":"Effects of botulinum toxin therapy in patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia: Acoustic, aerodynamic, and videoendoscopic findings","volume":"102","author":"Zwirner P.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(91)90004-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jslhr.4202.355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:19:41Z","timestamp":1618791581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jslhr.4202.355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jslhr.4202.355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jslhr.4202.355","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}}}