{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:18:58Z","timestamp":1767676738509},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The shape of the pharynx has a large effect on the acoustics of vowels, but direct measurement of this part of the vocal tract is difficult. The present study examines the efficacy of inferring midsagittal pharynx shape from the position of the tongue, which is much more amenable to measurement. Midsagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained for multiple repetitions of 11 static English vowels spoken by two subjects (one male and one female). From these, midsagittal widths were measured at approximately 3-mm intervals along the entire vocal tract. A regression analysis was then used to assess whether the pharyngeal widths could be predicted from the locations and width measurements for four positions on the tongue, namely, those likely to be the locations of a receiver coil for an electromagnetometer system. Predictability was quite high throughout the vocal tract (multiple\n            <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.9), except for the extreme ends (i.e., larynx and lips) and small decreases for the male subject in the uvula region. The residuals from this analysis showed that the accuracy of predictions was generally quite high, with 89.2% of errors being less than 2 mm. The extremes of the vocal tract, where the resolution of the MRI was poorer, accounted for much of the error. For languages like English, which do not use advanced tongue root (ATR) distinctively, the midsagittal pharynx shape of static vowels can be predicted with high accuracy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4203.592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:08:10Z","timestamp":1406668090000},"page":"592-603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Predicting Midsagittal Pharynx Shape From Tongue Position During Vowel Production"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"D. H.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Haskins Laboratories New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haskins Laboratories New Haven, CT"},{"name":"Yale University New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet S.","family":"Magen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haskins Laboratories New Haven, CT"},{"name":"Rhode Island College Providence"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Fulbright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Gore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"User\u2019s manual for the University of Wisconsin x-ray microbeam","author":"Abbs J. H.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1121\/1.417972","article-title":"Toward articulatory-acoustic models for liquid consonants based on MRI and EPG data. Part II: The rhotics","volume":"101","author":"Alwan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(87)90477-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401949","article-title":"Analysis of vocal tract shape and dimensions using magnetic resonance imaging: Vowels","volume":"90","author":"Baer T.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412945","article-title":"Variability in the production of quantal vowels revisited","volume":"97","author":"Beckman M. E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Synthesis by rule from articulatory parameters","author":"Coker C. H.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"Phonetic linguistics Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged (pp. 79\u201399)","author":"Fischer-J\u00f8rgensen E.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381581","article-title":"Factor analysis of tongue shapes","volume":"62","author":"Harshman R.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"\u00dcber die Stelle, wo der Charakter des Selbstlautes gebildet wird","volume":"7","author":"Huizinga E.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Archives N\u00e9erlandises de Phon\u00e9tique Experimentale"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100300003868","article-title":"Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention","volume":"19","author":"International Phonetic Association.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the International Phonetic Association"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(86)90003-8","article-title":"X-ray microbeam method for the measurement of articulatory dynamics: Techniques and results","volume":"45","author":"Kiritani S.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","volume-title":"A phonetic study of West African languages: An auditory-instrumental survey","author":"Ladefoged P.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"Three areas of experimental phonetics (pp. 50\u2013142)","author":"Ladefoged P.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880010109","article-title":"MR imaging of the vocal tract during vowel production","volume":"1","author":"Lakshminarayanan A. V.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"Third Annual Conference on African Linguistics (pp. 27\u201334)","author":"Lindau M.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093(A)","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420467","article-title":"Effects of the uvula and the epiglottis on measurements of vowel production: Assessment by synthesis","volume":"102","author":"Magen H. S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166(A)","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420774","article-title":"MRI observation of dynamic articulatory movements using a synchronized sampling method","volume":"102","author":"Masaki S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","volume-title":"Phonological structure and phonetic form: Papers in laboratory phonology III (pp. 191\u2013233)","author":"McCarthy J. J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070\u20131082","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913427","article-title":"Articulatory model for the study of speech production","volume":"53","author":"Mermelstein P.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381756","article-title":"Difference limens for formant frequencies of steady-state and consonant-bound vowels","volume":"63","author":"Mermelstein P.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3505.1009","article-title":"The correspondence of vocal tract resonance with volumes obtained from magnetic resonance images","volume":"35","author":"Moore C. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413469","article-title":"An articulatory study of fricative consonants using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"98","author":"Narayanan S. S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418030","article-title":"Toward articulatory-acoustic models for liquid consonants based on MRI and EPG data. Part I: The laterals","volume":"101","author":"Narayanan S. S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414968","article-title":"Two cross-linguistic factors underlying tongue shapes for vowels","volume":"99","author":"Nix D. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403994","article-title":"Inferring articulation and recognizing gestures from acoustics with a neural network trained on x-ray microbeam data","volume":"92","author":"Pap\u00e7un G. J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1121\/1.404204","article-title":"Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) systems for transducing speech articulatory movements","volume":"92","author":"Perkell J. S.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3501.53","article-title":"Vocal tract area function estimation from midsagittal dimensions with CT scans and a vocal tract cast: Modeling the transition with two sets of coefficients","volume":"35","author":"Perrier P.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000258583","article-title":"Tongue-root position in practical phonetics","volume":"17","author":"Pike K. L.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1121\/1.386780","article-title":"An articulatory synthesizer for perceptual research","volume":"70","author":"Rubin P. E.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","volume-title":"The vowel: Its physiological mechanism as shown by x-ray","author":"Russell G. O.","year":"1928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(87)90058-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000258568","article-title":"Tongue root position in Akan vowel harmony","volume":"16","author":"Stewart J. M.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.1996.0022","article-title":"An MRI-based study of pharyngeal volume contrasts in Akan and English","volume":"24","author":"Tiede M. K.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166(A).","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420773","article-title":"Magnetometer observation of articulation in sitting and supine conditions","volume":"102","author":"Tiede M. K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","volume-title":"X-ray microbeam speech production database user\u2019s handbook","author":"Westbury J. R.","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jslhr.4203.592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:20:57Z","timestamp":1618791657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jslhr.4203.592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jslhr.4203.592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jslhr.4203.592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}}}