{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:52:27Z","timestamp":1791229947867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"American Speech Language Hearing Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Speech Lang Hear Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Sonority Sequencing Principle is a presumed universal that governs the permissible sequences of consonants within syllables. In two single-subject experiments, we evaluated this principle as applied to the acquisition of onset clusters and adjuncts by children exhibiting functional phonological delays (age in years;months: 3;2 to 7;8). Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that children abide by the Sonority Sequencing Principle in development, such that the occurrence and use of marked true clusters implies unmarked clusters, but not vice versa. This claim was validated, in part, by the gradient generalization learning patterns of children who were taught marked clusters. Others who were taught unmarked clusters exhibited limited learning characteristic of within-class generalization, with apparent gaps in sonority sequencing. Experiment 2 examined the role of adjunct sequences \/sp, st, sk\/, whose markedness status is questionable given their violation of the Sonority Sequencing Principle. Results indicated that children learned adjuncts consistent with patterns of within-class generalization, thereby supporting the view that these sequences are unmarked in structure. Experimental findings are integrated in discussion of the representation of onset clusters and their course of emergence in phonological acquisition relative to the Sonority Sequencing Principle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4203.708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T21:06:58Z","timestamp":1406668018000},"page":"708-726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Syllable Onsets"],"prefix":"10.1044","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Gierut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Bloomington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1310","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900007303","article-title":"Early phonotactic development: Some observations on a child's acquisition of initial consonant clusters","volume":"3","author":"Allerton D. J.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Guidelines for identification audiometry","volume":"27","author":"ASHA Committee on Audiologic Evaluation","year":"1985","journal-title":"Asha"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"Barlow J. A. (1998). Syllable adjuncts in a disordered system. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327817la0701_1","article-title":"Asymmetrical cluster development in a disordered system","volume":"7","author":"Barlow J. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Language Acquisition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"Barton D. Miller R. & Macken M. (1980). Do children treat clusters as one unit or two? Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 18 105\u2013137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2307\/414727","article-title":"The psychological reality of the subset principle: Evidence from the governing categories of prelingually deaf adults","volume":"66","author":"Berent G. P.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"206","volume-title":"The syllable in phonological theoryThe handbook of phonological theory","author":"Blevins J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829209012045","article-title":"Frozen phonology thawed: The analysis and remediation of a developmental disorder of real word phonology","volume":"27","author":"Bryan A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Disorders of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-22849-2","volume-title":"Phonology","author":"Carr P.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2704.556","article-title":"Simplification of \/s\/ + stop clusters: A developmental perspective","volume":"27","author":"Catts H. W.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Pathologies of speech and language: Contributions of clinical phonetics and linguistics","author":"Chin S. B.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900011417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511627736.017","volume-title":"Papers in laboratory phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech","author":"Clements G. N.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"CV phonology: A generative theory of the syllable","author":"Clements G. N.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1515\/ling.1990.28.1.43","article-title":"Italian onset structure and the distribution of il and lo","volume":"28","author":"Davis S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Papers from the 26th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Vol. 2: The parasession on the syllable in phonetics and phonology","author":"Davis S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3841(92)90036-I","article-title":"On the lawfulness of change in phonetic inventories","volume":"86","author":"Dinnsen D. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3301.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Phonological theory and the misarticulating child (ASHA Monographs","author":"Dinnsen D. A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised","author":"Dunn L. M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263100009700","article-title":"The structural conformity hypothesis and the acquisition of consonant clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners","volume":"13","author":"Eckman F. R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/9.1.1","article-title":"On the generalization of relative clause instruction in the acquisition of English as a second language","volume":"9","author":"Eckman F. R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/026765839300900302","article-title":"Sonority and markedness among onset clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners","volume":"9","author":"Eckman F. R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Second Language Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4003.380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2101.136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4404.459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098502800305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4903.309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2307\/1131354","article-title":"Knowledge, concepts, and inferences in childhood","volume":"63","author":"Farrar M. J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Proceedings of the UBC International Conference on Phonological Aquisition","author":"Freitas M. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1804.623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139166126","volume-title":"English phonology: An introduction","author":"Giegerich H. J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","volume-title":"On the relationship between phonological knowledge and generalization learning in misarticulating children","author":"Gierut J. A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3505.1049","article-title":"The conditions and course of clinically induced phonological change","volume":"35","author":"Gierut J. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3109\/02699209808985239","article-title":"Natural domains of cyclicity in phonological acquisition","volume":"12","author":"Gierut J. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","first-page":"and Hearing Res","article-title":"Treatment efficacy: Functional phonological disorders in children","author":"Gierut J. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Speech"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3004.432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Phonological treatment efficacy and developmental norms","author":"Gierut J. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900009284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","volume-title":"Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation","author":"Goldman R.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","volume-title":"Autosegmental and metrical phonology","author":"Goldsmith J. A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Interacting processes in the child's acquisition of stop-liquid clusters","volume":"7","author":"Greenlee M.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Papers and Reports on Child Language Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1996.0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","volume-title":"English sound structure","author":"Harris J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology","volume":"20","author":"Hayes B.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","article-title":"A manual of phonology","author":"Hockett C.","year":"1955","journal-title":"IJAL Monograph Series, 21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","volume-title":"The Test of Early Language Development","author":"Hresko W. P.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Syllables and segments","author":"Ingram D.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","volume-title":"Phonological disability in children","author":"Ingram D.","year":"1989","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Phonetik","author":"Jespersen O.","year":"1904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","volume-title":"The discovery of spoken language","author":"Jusczyk P. W.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","volume-title":"Phonology in generative grammar","author":"Kenstowicz M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2065.001.0001","volume-title":"Concepts, kinds, and cognitive development","author":"Keil F.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3304.707","article-title":"The initial learning of novel English words: Two single-subject experiments with minority-language children","volume":"33","author":"Kiernan B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"A nonlinear analysis of reduplicating preterites in Germanic","volume":"20","author":"Kim S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Linguistic Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"What initial clusters tell us about a child's speech code","volume":"101","author":"Kornfeld J. R.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Quarterly Progress Reports,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","volume-title":"A course in phonetics","author":"Ladefoged P.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4005.1002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Models of phonological development and children with phonological disorders","author":"Leonard L. B.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phonological development: Models, research, implications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1403.476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900002075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","volume-title":"Leiter International Performance Scale: A handbook","author":"Levine M. N.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900010084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Focus on phonological acquisition","author":"Lle\u00f3 C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","first-page":"453","volume-title":"Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control","author":"MacNeilage P. F.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","first-page":"1069","volume-title":"The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition, Vol. 2: Theoretical issues","author":"MacWhinney B.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"On stress and syllabification","volume":"10","author":"McCarthy J.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"OCP Effects: Gemination and antigemination","volume":"17","author":"McCarthy J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699209708985185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400000898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5104.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","volume-title":"Single-subject experimental designs in communicative disorders","author":"McReynolds L. V.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","first-page":"1161","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Menyuk P.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Children's production of initial consonant clusters","volume":"91","author":"Menyuk P.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Quarterly Progress Reports, MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900001057","article-title":"Voice onset time in consonant cluster production by children and adults","volume":"2","author":"Menyuk P.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1903.458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","volume-title":"Test of Language Development\u20132: Primary","author":"Newcomer P. L.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3003.319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3201.120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3902.379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piaget J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universites Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/11494-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","volume-title":"Structuralism","author":"Piaget J.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4902.218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","volume-title":"Optimality theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar","author":"Prince A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1604","article-title":"Optimality: From neural networks to universal grammar","volume":"275","author":"Prince A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5203.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Theoretical issues in language acquisition: Continuity and change in development","author":"Roeper T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1599","article-title":"Language acquisition and use: Learning and applying probabilistic constraints","volume":"275","author":"Seidenberg M. S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"The structure of phonological representations","author":"Selkirk E. O.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4703.242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_1","volume-title":"Grundz\u00fcge der Phonetik","author":"Sievers E.","year":"1881"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The ontogenesis of grammar","author":"Slobin D. I.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3605.931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952675700002190","article-title":"Reduplication and syllable transfer in Sanskrit and elsewhere","volume":"5","author":"Steriade D.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phonology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2804.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_1","volume-title":"Normal and disordered phonology in children","author":"Stoel-Gammon C.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctttv2st","volume-title":"Certain language skills in children, their development and interrelationships","author":"Templin M. C.","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1995.1045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039308249501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(85)90034-7","article-title":"Onsets and rimes as units of spoken syllables: Evidence from children","volume":"39","author":"Treiman R.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_1","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Reading research: Advances in theory and practice","author":"Treiman R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067613","article-title":"Common phoneme and overall similarity relations among spoken syllables: Their use by children and adults","volume":"11","author":"Treiman R.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5204.393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5502.251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699209408985299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400007165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_1","volume-title":"Generalization learning associated with patterns of cluster production","author":"Williams A. L.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.1801.23"}],"container-title":["Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1044\/jslhr.4203.708","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T00:11:52Z","timestamp":1746317512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asha.org\/doi\/10.1044\/jslhr.4203.708"}},"subtitle":["Clusters and Adjuncts in Acquisition"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1044\/jslhr.4203.708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jslhr.4203.708","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}}}