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Recent work in our laboratory suggests that there are two divergent responses initiated by insulin stimulation. The first response involves the recruitment of GLUT4 transporters from intracellular reserves and their subsequent insertion into the plasma membrane. The second pathway results in an increase in the intrinsic activity of the transporters. This review will discuss evidence supporting the divergence of the two pathways regulating glucose uptake and, in particular, evidence for the increased intrinsic activity of GLUT4 in response to insulin stimulation. Inhibitors of p38 mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase (MAPK) affected only the arm leading to the insulin\u2010stimulated activation of GLUT4. This implicates p38 MAPK involvement in the regulation of this pathway. There is further evidence that p38 MAPK is itself recruited to the plasma membrane. The role of the phosphorylation state of the glucose transporter in response to insulin stimulation has been studied and indicates that, contrary to what might be predicted, there is actually a decrease in its phosphorylation at the plasma membrane in response to insulin. The relationship of this change to glucose uptake remains to be established. Other possible mechanisms regulating GLUT4 activity include binding of (+) or (\u2212) modulators of its function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2003.01160.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,16]],"date-time":"2003-07-16T13:19:21Z","timestamp":1058361561000},"page":"287-296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["GLUT4 activation: thoughts on possible mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Michelle Furtado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Klip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)41822-4","article-title":"Domains responsible for the differential targeting of glucose transporter isoforms","volume":"267","author":"Asano T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M108145200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53701-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"R236","article-title":"Glucose uptake and GLUT\u20104 protein distribution in skeletal muscle of the obese Zucker rat","volume":"267","author":"Brozinick J.T.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3130133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)77419-X","article-title":"Insulin regulation of the two glucose transporters in 3T3\u2010L1 adipocytes","volume":"265","author":"Calderhead D.M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.126.6.1625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)85561-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)77362-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.48.32111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00552-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102964200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o02-156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.3.1125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1991.261.5.E556"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1995.268.4.E613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.7.2090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.21.8368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac970896z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.25.17742"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80452-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)90735-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110294200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Molecular Biology of Diabetes","author":"Lawrence J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39979-X","article-title":"Phosphorylation of the glucose transporter in rat adipocytes. 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