{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:38:51Z","timestamp":1777084731110,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":876,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on review and original data, this synthesis investigates carbon pools and fluxes of Siberian and European forests (600 and 300 million ha, respectively). We examine the productivity of ecosystems, expressed as positive rate when the amount of carbon in the ecosystem increases, while (following micrometeorological convention) downward fluxes from the atmosphere to the vegetation (NEE\u2003=\u2003Net Ecosystem Exchange) are expressed as negative numbers. Productivity parameters are Net Primary Productivity (NPP=whole plant growth), Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP\u2003=\u2003CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> assimilation minus ecosystem respiration), and Net Biome Productivity (NBP\u2003=\u2003NEP minus carbon losses through disturbances bypassing respiration, e.g. by fire and logging). Based on chronosequence studies and national forestry statistics we estimate a low average NPP for boreal forests in Siberia: 123 gC m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup>\u2003y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>. This contrasts with a similar calculation for Europe which suggests a much higher average NPP of 460 gC m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> for the forests there. Despite a smaller area, European forests have a higher total NPP than Siberia (1.2\u20131.6 vs. 0.6\u20130.9\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup> gC region<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\u2003y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). This arises as a consequence of differences in growing season length, climate and nutrition.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2003For a chronosequence of <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris<\/jats:italic> stands studied in central Siberia during summer, NEE was most negative in a 67\u2010y old stand regenerating after fire (\u2013\u2003192\u2003mmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) which is close to NEE in a cultivated forest of Germany (\u2013\u2003210\u2003mmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). Considerable net ecosystem CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010uptake was also measured in Siberia in 200\u2010 and 215\u2010y old stands (NEE:174 and \u2013\u200363\u2003mmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) while NEP of 7\u2010 and 13\u2010y old logging areas were close to the ecosystem compensation point. Two Siberian bogs and a bog in European Russia were also significant carbon sinks (\u2013\u2003102 to \u2013\u2003104\u2003mmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). Integrated over a growing season (June to September) we measured a total growing season NEE of \u2013\u200314\u2003mol\u2003m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> (\u2013\u2003168 gC m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) in a 200\u2010y Siberian pine stand and \u2013\u20035\u2003mol\u2003m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> (\u2013\u200360 gC m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) in Siberian and European Russian bogs. By contrast, over the same period, a spruce forest in European Russia was a carbon source to the atmosphere of (NEE:\u2003+\u20037\u2003mol\u2003m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\u2003=\u2003+\u200384 gC m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). Two years after a windthrow in European Russia, with all trees being uplifted and few successional species, lost 16\u2003mol\u2003C\u2003m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> to the atmosphere over a 3\u2010month in summer, compared to the cumulative NEE over a growing season in a German forest of \u2013\u200315.5\u2003mol\u2003m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> (\u2013\u2003186 gC m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> summer<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>; European flux network annual averaged \u2013\u2003205 gC m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup>\u2003y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2003Differences in CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010exchange rates coincided with differences in the Bowen ratio, with logging areas partitioning most incoming radiation into sensible heat whereas bogs partitioned most into evaporation (latent heat). Effects of these different surface energy exchanges on local climate (convective storms and fires) and comparisons with the Canadian BOREAS experiment are discussed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2003Following a classification of disturbances and their effects on ecosystem carbon balances, fire and logging are discussed as the main processes causing carbon losses that bypass heterotrophic respiration in Siberia. Following two approaches, NBP was estimated to be only about 13\u201316\u2003mmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup>\u2003y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> for Siberia. It may reach 67\u2003mmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup>\u2003y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> in North America, and about 140\u2013400\u2003mmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup>\u2003y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> in Scandinavia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2003We conclude that fire speeds up the carbon cycle, but that it results also in long\u2010term carbon sequestration by charcoal formation. For at least 14\u2003years after logging, regrowth forests remain net sources of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to the atmosphere. This has important implications regarding the effects of Siberian forest management on atmospheric concentrations. For many years after logging has taken place, regrowth forests remain weaker sinks for atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> than are nearby old\u2010growth forests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1999.00266.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T21:34:44Z","timestamp":1047418484000},"page":"703-722","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["Productivity of forests in the Eurosiberian boreal region and their potential to act as a carbon sink \u2013\u2010 a synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"E. \u2010D.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F. 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