{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:13:27Z","timestamp":1778645607569,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,4]],"date-time":"2002-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article is based on a lecture presented at the Novartis Prize ceremony at the International Congress of Immunology in July 2001. It gives a personal and historical perspective on the research performed by the author and his colleagues during the development and pursuit of the model of \u2018missing\u2010self recognition\u2019 for natural killer (NK) cells. This model is based on the idea that one important function of NK cells is to detect and eliminate cells because they fail to express normal self markers. Further mechanistic models predicted the existence of inhibitory major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I specific receptors, later identified by the fellow Novartis laureates contributing in this issue. The article covers the first decade (1980\u20131990) of research on this concept. It discusses factors contributing to the formulation of a hypothesis, the use of predictions and experimental test models, the importance of international collaborations and reagent exchange, and several other aspects that allowed the progression of this research project. Finally, the perspective of today\u2019s knowledge is used to discuss some surprising findings where the missing\u2010self hypothesis made the wrong predictions, or at least failed to make the correct ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2002.01053.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T20:17:55Z","timestamp":1047500275000},"page":"221-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":261,"title":["NK Cells, MHC Class I Molecules and the Missing Self"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"K\u00e4rre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","unstructured":"K\u00e4rreK.On the immunobiology of natural killer cells.Doctoral thesis Karolinska Institute 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-341370-3.50011-7","volume-title":"Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity by NK Cells.","author":"K\u00e4rre K","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830050208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910160204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.134.6.1513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830070915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910150608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Recognition structures determined by the H\u20102 complex","volume":"8","author":"Snell G","year":"1976","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1983.tb01080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/285341a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.147.5.1314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","first-page":"782","article-title":"Colony specificity in the colonial tunicate Bothryllus and the origins of vertebrate immunity","volume":"22","author":"Scofeld VL","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(77)80029-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00935.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/319675a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.6.1745"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.1.52","article-title":"Resistance to H\u20102 restricted but not to allo H\u20102 specific graft and CTL responses in lymphoma mutant","volume":"145","author":"\u00d6hl\u00e8n C","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.8.2911","article-title":"Molecular analysis of H\u20102 deficient lymphoma variants: distinct defects in H\u20102 biosynthesis associated with enhanced NK sensitivity","volume":"142","author":"Ijunggren HG","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/340443a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","first-page":"354","article-title":"Restoration of antigen presentation to the mutant cell line RMA\u2010S by an MHC linked transporter","author":"Powis SJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.1.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.1.17","article-title":"Increased resistance to non\u2010MHC restricted cytotoxicity related to HLA\u2010A, B expression; 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