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They are derived from pre\u2010implantation embryos and can be propagated as a homogeneous, uncommitted cell population for an almost unlimited period of time without losing their pluripotency and their stable karyotype. Murine ES cells are able to reintegrate fully into embryogenesis when returned into an early embryo, even after extensive genetic manipulation. In the resulting chimeric offspring produced by blastocyst injection or morula aggregation, ES cell descendants are represented among all cell types, including functional gametes. Therefore, mouse ES cells represent an important tool for genetic engineering, in particular via homologous recombination, to introduce gene knock\u2010outs and other precise genomic modifications into the mouse germ line. Because of these properties ES cell technology is of high interest for other model organisms and for livestock species like cattle and pigs. However, in spite of tremendous research activities, no proven ES cells colonizing the germ line have yet been established for vertebrate species other than the mouse (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#b1\">Evans and Kaufman, 1981<\/jats:ext-link>; <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#b2\">Martin, 1981<\/jats:ext-link>) and chicken (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#b3\">Pain et\u00a0al., 1996<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> differentiation capacity of ES cells provides unique opportunities for experimental analysis of gene regulation and function during cell commitment and differentiation in early embryogenesis. Recently, pluripotent stem cells were established from human embryos (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#b4\">Thomson et\u00a0al., 1998<\/jats:ext-link>) and early fetuses (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#b5\">Shamblott et\u00a0al., 1998<\/jats:ext-link>), opening new scenarios both for research in human developmental biology and for medical applications, i.e. cell replacement strategies. At about the same time, research activities focused on characteristics and differentiation potential of somatic stem cells, unravelling an unexpected plasticity of these cell types. Somatic stem cells are found in differentiated tissues and can renew themselves in addition to generating the specialized cell types of the tissue from which they originate. Additional to discoveries of somatic stem cells in tissues that were previously not thought to contain these kinds of cells, they also appear to be capable of developing into cell types of other tissues, but have a reduced differentiation potential as compared to embryo\u2010derived stem cells. Therefore, somatic stem cells are referred to as multipotent rather than pluripotent. This review summarizes characteristics of pluripotent stem cells in the mouse and in selected livestock species, explains their use for genetic engineering and basic research on embryonic development, and evaluates their potential for cell therapy as compared to somatic stem cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.2002.00388.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,10]],"date-time":"2003-03-10T11:06:36Z","timestamp":1047294396000},"page":"169-186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Pluripotent Stem Cells \u2013 Model of Embryonic Development, Tool for Gene Targeting, and Basis of Cell Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"KATJA","family":"Prelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NICOLA","family":"ZINK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eckhard","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35018642"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9912"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10495399209525769"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86439"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5302.964"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1691"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.2.244","article-title":"Functional beta\u2010cell mass after transplantation of human foetal pancreatic cells: differentiation or proliferation?","volume":"46","author":"Beattie G. 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