{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T17:46:30Z","timestamp":1774719990173,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,20]],"date-time":"2003-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1069286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim: <\/jats:bold> The aim of this study was to confirm the relationships between oral malodor and periodontal condition, oral malodor and tongue coating, and to investigate the secretory\u2010immunoglobulin A (S\u2010IgA) level in saliva in relation to the accumulation of tongue coating.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> Fifty\u2010four patients complaining of oral malodor were included in the study. Their periodontal conditions, tongue coating status and salivary characteristics (flow rate, protein and S\u2010IgA concentrations) were assessed in addition to the level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in oral cavity. The patients were divided into three groups according to their tongue coating level.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> There are significant relationships between oral malodor and specific periodontal parameters used. The degree of tongue coating was also significantly correlated with the amount of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S, CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>SH and the total amount of VSC determined. The concentration of S\u2010IgA in the group identified as slight tongue coating was significantly higher than in the moderate or the severe group. By Western immunoblotting analysis, a high level of S\u2010IgA specific to <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> species was recognized in all groups, whereas the reactivity of <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> with S\u2010IgA was very weak in both the slight and the moderate groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion: <\/jats:bold> Data herein indicate that tongue coating is closely related to oral malodor. Furthermore, S\u2010IgA in saliva may influence the accumulation of tongue coating, and S\u2010IgA antibodies directed to <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> species may play a role in protective immunity against the initial colonization of tongue plaque.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0303-6979.2003.00407.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,21]],"date-time":"2003-11-21T05:27:42Z","timestamp":1069392462000},"page":"1017-1023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Relationship between tongue coating and secretory\u2010immunoglobulin A level in saliva obtained from patients complaining of oral malodor"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hinode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.4.538-543.1979","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans in saliva of adults, children, and predentate infants","volume":"10","author":"Bammann L. 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