{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:49:30Z","timestamp":1761918570175},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["253771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["253771"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prolonged, abnormal immune response patterns produced by many sexually transmitted viruses have been intensively studied. Because normal antiviral immune responses in the vagina are less well\u2010defined, we developed a resolving murine model using vaginal inoculation with the flavivirus, West Nile virus. Infection resulted in 12% mortality, with sterile protective immunity to vaginal or systemic re\u2010challenge. B\u2010cell numbers increased in the vaginal mucosa from day 1\u22127 after primary infection, while similar increases in B220<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocytes in the draining lymph node were delayed by 48 h. By day 4 postinfection, a MHC\u2010II<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> dendritic cell population became depleted from the stroma and formed aggregates below the basement membrane at points of demonstrable epithelial infection. In contrast, primary systemic or intradermal inoculation resulted in 80\u221290% mortality, but also conferred protective sterile immunity to vaginal West Nile virus re\u2010challenge. Intravaginal and intradermal immunization elicited comparable, accelerated accumulation of larger B\u2010cell numbers in the mucosa and draining lymph node upon intravaginal re\u2010challenge than systemic immunization. However, accumulation of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in both sites in the intradermally immunized group was significantly greater than in intravaginally or systemically immunized mice. Accelerated accumulation of dendritic cells occurred at periodic sub\u2010basement membrane sites in the absence of detectable virus 1 day after vaginal re\u2010challenge, irrespective of the route of immunization. These data illustrate the diversity of possible effective immune responses to West Nile virus in the vaginal mucosa. They show primary vaginal inoculation produces effective immunity to flavivirus infection with lower mortality than other routes and suggest a local role for vaginal mucosal dendritic cells in both primary and secondary responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0818-9641.2004.01239.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,15]],"date-time":"2004-04-15T08:17:39Z","timestamp":1082017059000},"page":"174-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Routes of inoculation and the immune response to a resolving genital flavivirus infection in a novel murine model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Shannon A","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas JC","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.51.3.747-753.1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"369","article-title":"A mouse model for studies of mucosal immunity to vaginal infection by herpes simplex virus type 2","volume":"70","author":"Parr MB","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab. 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