{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:04:51Z","timestamp":1790435091230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,1]],"date-time":"2002-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1012521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a common opportunistic infection among HIV\u2010positive individuals and often correlates with a CD4 cell number &lt;\u200a200\u2003cells\/\u00b5l. This study further examined the association of smoking and OPC in HIV\u2010positive persons. A strong association between smoking and OPC was seen in HIV\u2010positive individuals with \u2265\u200a200\u2003CD4\u2003cells\/\u00b5l. In HIV\u2010positive persons with \u2265\u200a200\u2003CD4\u2003cells\/\u00b5l, OPC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> smokers had lower gamma\u2010interferon (IFN\u2010\u03b3) concentrations and a trend toward higher interleukin (IL)\u20104 concentrations in whole saliva compared to OPC<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> persons with \u2265\u200a200\u2003CD4\u2003cells\/\u00b5l, a cytokine profile consistent with that observed in HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>OPC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> persons with &lt;\u200a200\u2003CD4\u2003cells\/\u00b5l. These results suggest that premature OPC in HIV\u2010positive smokers is associated with altered oral host defence mechanisms that cannot be overcome by levels of systemic CD4 cells that are otherwise sufficient to protect against OPC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00080.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T15:51:39Z","timestamp":1047484299000},"page":"38-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Th1\/Th2 cytokine profiles in saliva of HIV\u2010positive smokers with oropharyngeal candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Slavinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. K.","family":"Swoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"P. L.","family":"Fidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"218","article-title":"The prevalence of Candida albicans in complete denture and removable partial denture wearers: a comparative study","volume":"1","author":"Alkumru HN","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Marmara Univ Dent Fac"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302x.2000.150202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6880.749"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1992.tb00990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199111000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90112-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199704150-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200009010-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","article-title":"Oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV+ patients may influence the selection of HIV\u20101 protease variants","author":"Hickman P","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317944"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199812010-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1994.tb01102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199704010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02600284"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-01912-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90300-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00110-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315872"}],"container-title":["Oral Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.0902-0055.2001.00080.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.0902-0055.2001.00080.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00080.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T12:35:28Z","timestamp":1697546128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00080.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00080.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00080.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0902-0055","1399-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0902-0055","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}}}