{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:33:47Z","timestamp":1793666027151,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]],"date-time":"1998-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":899251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The treatment of faecal incontinence secondary to internal anal sphincter dysfunction is unsatisfactory. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of anal glutaraldehyde cross-linked (GAX) collagen injections in patients with a surgically incorrectable disorder.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seventeen patients were studied: nine had idiopathic faecal incontinence, three had incontinence following haemorrhoidectomy, two following internal sphincterotomy, two following an internal sphincter defect from obstetric injury and one following treatment for fistula in ano. All patients were refractory to conservative treatment and were unsuitable for surgical repair. All had anorectal physiology and endoanal ultrasonography before and after GAX collagen injections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All patients tolerated the injection without side-effects. All patients had an intact external anal sphincter. Following injection, 11 patients showed marked symptomatic improvement. One patient reported symptomatic improvement but remained in clinical grade 3, and two reported minimal improvement. There was no improvement in three patients, but one of these had a repeat injection and showed significant improvement subsequently.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Injection of GAX collagen in the anal canal is a simple and well tolerated method of treating faecal incontinence due to internal sphincter dysfunction. Early results suggest it provides an easy and reliable alternative to the currently available methods that are often unsuccessful and at best unpredictable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00751.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T07:01:54Z","timestamp":1047366114000},"page":"978-979","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Motility Unit, St George's Hospital , Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Motility Unit, St George's Hospital , Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Motility Unit, St George's Hospital , Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092914261053600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.160.4.8456663","article-title":"Endosonographic evaluation of patients with anal incontinence: findings and influence on surgical management","volume":"160","author":"Nielsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2024092914261053600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02055596","article-title":"Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery. 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