{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:38:33Z","timestamp":1792712313135,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":723,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A predominance of TH2 activity in chronic allergic diseases, such as vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), has been suggested recently. However, there is no published study on tear levels of cytokines of the two different subgroups, TH1 and TH2, in patients with ocular allergy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3, interleukin (IL)\u20102, IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 levels in tears by ELISA, to determine whether the levels of these cytokines are elevated in allergic ocular diseases when compared among patient groups and normal controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tear levels of IL\u20102, IFN\u03b3, IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 were measured by ELISA using samples from patients with VKC, AKC (AKC\u2010NP, without proliferative lesions; and AKC\u2010P, with proliferative lesions), allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and normal subjects. The levels of these cytokines in tears and the clinical severity of AD were also compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tear IL\u20104 level in patients with AKC was significantly higher than those in VKC, AC and controls, and tear IL\u20104 levels in patients with AKC\u2010P vs VKC differed significantly. Tear IL\u20105 levels in patients with diseases associated with proliferative lesions, VKC and AKC\u2010P, were higher than those in AC and normal controls. However, tear level of IL\u20105 in patients with AKC\u2010P was significantly higher than that in AKC\u2010NP. Although the dermatological severity of AD correlated significantly with tear IL\u20104 level, IFN\u03b3, IL\u20102 and IL\u20105 levels did not correlate with dermatological severity of AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results indicate that the TH2\u2010like cytokines play an important pathophysiological role in severe ocular allergic conditions such as AKC and VKC and that tear level of IL\u20105 may be a candidate marker to evaluate the clinical status of ocular allergy. The different patterns of tear levels of IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 among ocular allergic diseases may reflect the origin and immunological basis of these cytokines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00699.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T09:40:29Z","timestamp":1047375629000},"page":"103-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Tear levels of interferon\u2010\u03b3, interleukin (IL) \u20102, IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis and allergic conjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Uchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ikezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00936519"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70279-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4193","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.12.4193","article-title":"IL\u20104 is an essential factor for the IgE synthesis induced in vitro by human T cell clones and their supernatants","volume":"140","author":"Del Prete G","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3730"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.12.3101.bloodjournal79123101","article-title":"Interleukin\u20105, eosinophilia, and disease","volume":"79","author":"Sanderson CJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"300","article-title":"Role for T cells, Il\u20102 and IL\u20106 in the IL\u20104 dependent in vitro and human IgE synthesis","volume":"68","author":"Maggi E","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)90213-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000310733"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03796.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Characterization of cytokine mRNA transcripts in conjunctival cells in patients with allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"38","author":"Fujishima H","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of conjunctivitis","volume":"2","author":"BenEzra D","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflam"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555924447","article-title":"Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis","volume":"92","author":"Hanifin JM","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Grading of the severity of atopic dermatitis","volume":"144","author":"Rajka G","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1989.tb01875.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.4.1218","article-title":"IgE production by normal human B cells induced by alloreactive T cell clones is mediated by IL\u20104 and suppressed by IFN\u2010\u03b3","volume":"141","author":"Pene J","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"In vitro generation of IFN\u2010gamma in relationship to in vivo concentration of IgE and IgG subclasses and Fc\u03b5 RL\/CD23 positive circulating lymphocytes in patients with severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"144","author":"Wehrmann W","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereal (Stockh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32154-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12470153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1988.tb00744.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1996.48"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; 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