{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:06:30Z","timestamp":1793138790255,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":692,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In some studies, the prevalence of hay fever and asthma has been found to be lower in children from rural areas than in children from an urban environment. We hypothesized that living on a farm might be protective against development of allergic sensitization and allergic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cross\u2010sectional survey, parents of 2283 children aged 8\u201310 years from a mostly rural area in Austria answered a standardized questionnaire on allergic diseases and environmental factors. 1137 children performed a skin prick test to seven local allergens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of hay fever (3.1 vs 10.3%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0002), asthma (1.1 vs 3.9%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.017) and a positive skin prick reactivity to at least one of the common local allergens (18.8 vs 32.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.001) was significantly lower in children living on a farm than in children from a non\u2010farming environment. In a multivariate logistic regression model, adjusting for genetic background, parent education, living and housing conditions and dietary factors did not change the odds ratio for the association of farming and allergic sensitization. Only after including \u2018regular contact with livestock and poultry\u2019 into the model did the odds ratio change significantly (cOR 0.48 95% CI 0.30\u20130.75 to aOR 0.75 95% CI 0.37\u20131.52) indicating an association between regular contact with farm animals and reduced risk of atopic sensitization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Possible explanations for the lower prevalence of hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization in children living on a farm might be the development of immunotolerance or the stimulation of TH1 cells and suppression of TH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> cells by increased exposure of farm children to microbial antigens in the stables or farmhouses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00799.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T09:41:51Z","timestamp":1047375711000},"page":"194-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":453,"title":["Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Riedler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Oberfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Schreuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10100-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.10.1452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6831.873"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6785.1116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07302-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11020355"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00831.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"211s","article-title":"Preventable risk factors associated with self\u2010reported symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in the last 12 months in adolescents \u2014 ISAAC study Salzburg 1995 & 1996","volume":"12","author":"Oberfeld G","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1989.tb04202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.2.8306030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.3.9116984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90086-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7044.1448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199607001-00115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199807001-00389"},{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"143s","article-title":"Asthma and atopic diseases among Finnish University students","volume":"10","author":"Kilpelainen M","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000236199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(97)80178-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70286-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00250.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70055-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.13.040195.002253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.10.5071","article-title":"Dendritic cells produce IL\u201012 and direct the development of Th\u20101 cells from naive CD4+ T cells","volume":"154","author":"Macatonia SE","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; 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