{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:47:36Z","timestamp":1791193656875,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":692,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A protective effect of infections in early life might explain the firmly reported finding of an inverse association between atopic disorders and large sibships.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the effect of childhood farm, rural non\u2010farm and urban environment, as well as family size and other factors on the occurrence of asthma, wheezing and atopic disorders up to young adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on lifetime prevalence of physician\u2010diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis and\/or allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, as well as self\u2010reported episodic wheezing from 10\u2003667 Finnish first\u2010year university students aged 18\u201324 years were collected by a postal questionnaire. Associations of lifetime prevalence of the diseases with living on a farm, in a rural non\u2010farm and urban environment during childhood were estimated by logistic regression analysis. Adjustment was made for potential confounding by gender, parental atopy, parental education, number of older siblings, day care outside the home and passive smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The childhood farm environment independently reduced the risk for physician\u2010diagnosed allergic rhinitis and\/or allergic conjunctivitis (adjusted odds ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.50\u20130.79, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001), and for diagnosed asthma and episodic wheezing analysed together (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54\u20130.93, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05), but not for atopic dermatitis during lifetime. Urban childhood environment did not show independent increased risk when compared with rural non\u2010farm residence. The inverse association of sibship size with the occurrence of allergic rhinitis and\/or allergic conjunctivitis was found among subjects with one (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77\u20130.96, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01) or at least four older siblings (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26\u20130.84, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood farm environment seems to have a protective effect against allergic rhinitis and\/or conjunctivitis, and more weakly against asthma and wheezing irrespective of family size. Environmental exposure to immune modulating agents, such as environmental mycobacteria and actinomycetes, favouring manifestation of a nonatopic phenotype could explain the finding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00800.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T09:41:51Z","timestamp":1047375711000},"page":"201-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Kilpel\u00e4inen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Terho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Helenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Koskenvuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70294-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70350-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70465-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.74.5.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70070-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7086.1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000236199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91776-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91617-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5296.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7086.999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6831.873"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1994.tb01805.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12010041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6866.1395"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.2.8306030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10100-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","unstructured":"Helsinki: Population Housing Censuses 1920\u201396. Statistics Finland.1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","unstructured":"SusitaivalP&HusmanTTuohilampi Questionnaire for Population Studies of Hypersensitivity Diseases of Respiratory System Skin and Eyes [in Finnish].Helsinki: Orion 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. SAS\/STAT Software. Changes and Enhancements Through Release 6 11. Cary NC: SAS Institute Inc. 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.2.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","unstructured":"Kansanterveyslaki 66\/1972 Suomen asetuskokoelma 1972 [The Finnish Public Health Act 66\/1972 Statute Book of Finland]. Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus 1973."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01046.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6937.1132","article-title":"Childhood eczema, disease of the advantaged?","volume":"305","author":"Williams HC","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(87)90286-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.1.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06329-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1984.tb00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","first-page":"455","article-title":"Changes in the titres of IgG antibodies against farmer's lung antigens in the sera of healthy dairy farmers","volume":"64","author":"Rautalahti M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10040772","article-title":"Lung and blood T\u2010cell receptor repertoire in extrinsic allergic alveolitis","volume":"10","author":"Wahlstr\u00f6m J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00432.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.3.889"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Experimental Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2000.00800.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2000.00800.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00800.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T17:30:53Z","timestamp":1698600653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00800.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00800.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00800.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-7894","1365-2222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-7894","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]}}}