{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:51:27Z","timestamp":1775742687418,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":479,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Much indirect evidence has been put forward previously in support of the concept that surface\u2010active phospholipid (SAPL) normally masks irritant receptors in the lungs and upper respiratory tract; but this physical barrier is deficient in asthmatics, imparting hyperresponsiveness of the bronchoconstrictor reflex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether exogenous SAPL applied to bronchial mucosa reduces the sensitivity of irritant receptors to a standard challenge used clinically to diagnose asthma and to compare the effects with those of corticosteroids and \u03b2\u2010stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nerve fibres in the vagi were monitored to record action potentials from irritant receptors identified in the upper airways of rat lungs in response to a methacholine challenge. SAPL in the form of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) \u2014 7\u2003:\u20033 PC:PG \u2014 was applied as a fine dry powder to enhance surface activity and, hence, chemisorption to epithelium. Comparison was also made with clinical doses of i.v. hydrocortisone and instilled salbutamol together with liquid or solid controls, as appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neural activity of irritant receptors was found to be significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0018) <jats:italic>decreased<\/jats:italic> by topical SAPL by 35.8% in response to a methacholine challenge in contrast to an <jats:italic>increase<\/jats:italic> of 11.2% in response to a solid (lactose) control. Instilled salbutamol and i.v. hydrocortisone also <jats:italic>decreased<\/jats:italic> responses to the same challenge by 43.4% and 14.7%, respectively, in contrast to a liquid (saline) control which <jats:italic>increased<\/jats:italic> by 24.5%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surface\u2010active phospholipid has an appreciable effect upon irritant receptors in rat airways, reducing neural response to a methacholine challenge by an amount comparable to that of Salbutamol. These results support the concept of SAPL masking bronchial irritant receptors and warrant placebo\u2010controlled clinical trials of this dry powder as a means of controlling asthma without the side\u2010effects of current medication. Other possible roles discussed for the SAPL epithelial barrier include the exclusion of viruses and allergens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00850.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T09:44:25Z","timestamp":1047375865000},"page":"1266-1274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Suppression of neural activity of bronchial irritant receptors by surface\u2010active phospholipid in comparison with topical drugs commonly prescribed for asthma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Hills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1962.17.4.613"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"1507","article-title":"Asthma: past, present and future","volume":"6","author":"Holgate ST","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.8.773"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","unstructured":"WiddicombeJG. 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