{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T10:25:49Z","timestamp":1760264749402},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanisms leading to a relative dominance of T cells producing type 2 cytokines in certain human immune disorders are still unclear. We investigated the relative susceptibility to apoptosis induced by primary in\u2003vitro activation of human type 1 (producing interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3)) or type 2 (producing IL-4) T cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from patients with immune disorders characterized by expansion of type 2 cells (four with AIDS and hyper-IgE\/hypereosinophilia, one with Churg\u2013Strauss syndrome, and one with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome) or from individuals with normal cytokine balances. Cells were stimulated for 16\u2003h with ionomycin and phorbol ester, and apoptosis of cytokine-producing cells was assessed by flow cytometry. T cells with a type-2 cytokine profile, i.e. producing IL-4 alone, were significantly more resistant to activation-induced apoptosis than those producing IFN-\u03b3 alone. This was observed in AIDS patients, whose type 2 cells were mostly CD8+, as well as in the patients with Churg\u2013Strauss and with hypereosinophilic syndrome. CD4+ and CD8+ IL-4-producing cells were equally resistant to apoptosis. Lower susceptibility to apoptosis of type-2 T cells was also observed in subjects with normal cytokine balances. Bcl-2 expression was high in type-2 cells and in viable type-1 cells, whereas it was low in apoptotic type-1 cells. Resistance to activation-induced apoptosis may explain the expansion of cells producing type-2 cytokines in certain immune disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01243.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1047378122000},"page":"454-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Human T cells with a type-2 cytokine profile are resistant to apoptosis induced by primary activation: consequences for immunopathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Carbonari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Tedesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Del Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Rome \u2018La Sapienza\u2019, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Paganelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Fiorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011221074067800_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80606-2","article-title":"The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more","volume":"17","author":"Mosmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol 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