{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:25:36Z","timestamp":1762003536691},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]],"date-time":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":975628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, the concentration of TGF-\u03b21 secreted by adherent cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and either stimulated with PGL-1 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or left unstimulated was determined by ELISA. The cells were isolated from untreated patients with different clinical forms of leprosy and healthy individuals. The adherent cells exhibited spontaneous release of TGF-\u03b21 in all clinical forms of leprosy and in healthy individuals; however, lepromatous leprosy\/borderline leprosy (LL\/BL) patients presenting erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) displayed significantly higher concentrations of TGF-\u03b21 than either the other patients studied or the controls. These high TGF-\u03b21 levels were consistently observed when LL\/BL ENL cells were stimulated with phenolic glycolipid (PGL-1) or LPS, and even in the absence of a stimulus (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b701). The most significant differences in TGF-\u03b21 levels were observed when comparing the results in the presence of PGL-1 from ENL with, in order of significance: tuberculoid leprosy (TT) patients (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b7001), LL\/BL patients without ENL (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b701), healthy individuals (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b701) and borderline-borderline\/borderline-tuberculoid (BB\/BT) patients with reversal reaction (RR) (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b701). The BB\/BT patients produced equivalent levels of TGF-\u03b21 compared with LL\/BL patients without ENL, for all types of stimuli (P &amp;gt; 0\u00b705). In contrast, TT patients produced the lowest levels of TGF-\u03b21 among all the subjects studied (both patients and healthy controls), especially following PGL-1 stimulation (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b7001, and P &amp;lt; 0\u00b705, respectively). In conjunction with our previous data regarding TGF-\u03b21 expression in dermal lesions, it appears that TGF-\u03b21 probably plays different roles in leprosy: (i) to mediate a suppressive action locally, associated with the presence of PGL-1, and (ii) to induce proinflammatory effects when secreted systemically by monocytes, thereby acting as a modulatory cytokine in the acute inflammatory reactions of ENL and associated with the Th2 immune response in multibacillary forms of leprosy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01376.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T10:24:10Z","timestamp":1047378250000},"page":"330-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-<i>\u03b2<\/i>1) by blood monocytes from patients with different clinical forms of leprosy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"I M B","family":"Goulart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J R","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N T","family":"Foss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011221091060900_b1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity: a five group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b2","first-page":"385","article-title":"In vivo responses to Mycobacterium leprae: antigen presentation, interleukin-2 production, and immune cell phenotypes in naturally occurring leprosy lesion","volume":"53","author":"Longley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.6.3085","article-title":"In situ identification of cells in human leprosy granulomas with monoclonal antibodies to interleukin 2 and its receptor","volume":"132","author":"Modlin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.254.5029.277","article-title":"Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions","volume":"254","author":"Yamamura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b5","first-page":"749","article-title":"Immunohistologic assessment of cytokine production of infiltrating cells in various forms of leprosy","volume":"137","author":"Arnoldi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.8.3639","article-title":"IL-12 regulates T helper type 1 cytokine responses in human infectious disease","volume":"153","author":"Sieling","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b7","first-page":"80","article-title":"Leprosy reactions: new knowledge","volume":"46","author":"Naafs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.4.1470","article-title":"Cytokine patterns of immunologically mediated tissue damage","volume":"149","author":"Yamamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/334260a0","article-title":"Deactivation of macrophages by transforming growth factor-\u03b2","volume":"334","author":"Tsunawaki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.3.940","article-title":"Macrophage deactivation factor and transforming growth factors -\u03b21-\u03b22, and -\u03b23 inhibit induction of macrophage nitrogen oxide synthesis by IFN-\u03b3","volume":"145","author":"Ding","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1636092","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in leishmanial infection: a parasite escape mechanism","volume":"257","author":"Barral-Neto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.10.4126-4130.1993","article-title":"Infection of murine macrophages with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with release of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 and downregulation of expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors","volume":"61","author":"Bermudez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.3.539","article-title":"Regulation of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in vitro and in vivo by transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2)","volume":"174","author":"Silva","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35912.x","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and HIV infection","volume":"685","author":"Lotz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b15","first-page":"911","article-title":"Detection of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 in dermal lesions of different clinical forms of leprosy","volume":"148","author":"Goulart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.17.6020","article-title":"Expression and secretion of type \u03b2 transforming growth factor by activated human macrophages","volume":"84","author":"Assoian","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(89)90136-9","article-title":"Inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of TGF-beta","volume":"10","author":"Wahl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb22355.x","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta: multifunctional regulator of cell growth and phenotype","volume":"551","author":"Wakefield","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.166.2.571","article-title":"Inhibition of cytokine productions by cyclosporin A and transforming growth factor beta","volume":"166","author":"Espevick","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041470312","article-title":"Transforming growth factor type beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) down-regulates interleukin-2 production and up-regulates interleukin-2 receptor expression in a thymoma cell line","volume":"147","author":"D'angeac","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b21","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Manual de Hansen\u00edase","author":"Jopling","year":"1991","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.4.1181-1189.1996","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii induced immune suppression by human peripheral blood monocytes: role of gamma interferon","volume":"64","author":"Channon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.1.465","article-title":"Enhanced production of TGF-\u03b2 by blood monocytes from patients with active tuberculosis and presence of TGF-\u03b2 in tuberculous granulomatous lung lesion","volume":"154","author":"Toossi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.2.979","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 primes macrophages to express inflammatory gene products in response to particulate stimuli by an autocrine\/paracrine mechanism","volume":"151","author":"Noble","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.6.1675","article-title":"Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha by enhancing mRNA degradation","volume":"177","author":"Moreira","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(92)90088-6","article-title":"Serum tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in leprosy and during lepra reactions","volume":"63","author":"Parida","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.12.4295","article-title":"Modulation of cytokine production by transforming growth factor-beta","volume":"142","author":"Chantry","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(90)90018-O","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta induces the production of interleukin 6 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"2","author":"Turner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.12.2466.2466","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta downregulates interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced IL-6 production by human monocytes","volume":"76","author":"Musso","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.11.2199284","article-title":"Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL-6 and related molecules (IL-1 and TNF)","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05016.x","article-title":"Recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein sequentially up-regulates IL-6 and TGF-\u03b21 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"88","author":"Gibellini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.11.1868982","article-title":"Pathologic concentrations of interleukin 6 inhibit T cell responses via induction of activation of TGF-\u03b2","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(95)02455-7","article-title":"Monocyte derived IL-10 and PGE2 are associated with the absence of Th1 cells and in vitro T cell suppression in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"48","author":"Misra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunol Letters"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(97)80019-9","article-title":"The Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"18","author":"Romagnani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b35","first-page":"281","article-title":"The role of the macrophage in resistance to the leprosy bacillus","volume":"60","author":"Krahenbuhl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunol Ser"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b36","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Biopsy in leprosy","author":"Ridley","year":"1990","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114932","article-title":"Recombinant latent transforming growth factor \u03b21 has a longer plasma half-life in rats than active transforming growth factor \u03b21, and a different tissue distribution","volume":"86","author":"Wakefield","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/08977199009011007","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 regulates production of growth factors and TGF-\u03b2 by human peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"4","author":"McCartney-Francis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/359693a0","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease","volume":"359","author":"Shull","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022011221091060900_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.2.770","article-title":"Transforming growth factor \u03b21 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death","volume":"90","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2249.2000.01376.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2249.2000.01376.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/122\/3\/330\/42135831\/j.1365-2249.2000.01376.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/122\/3\/330\/42135831\/j.1365-2249.2000.01376.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T22:59:24Z","timestamp":1682117964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article\/122\/3\/330\/6461921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01376.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2249","0009-9104"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2249","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0009-9104","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}}}