{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:47:24Z","timestamp":1774126044767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of IL-6 on mortality, bacterial growth and cytokine expression in experimental acute pyelonephritis. Female IL-6-deficient mice and their wild-type counterparts, 8\u201310 weeks old, were infected with Escherichia coli CFT 073 or injected with NaCl 0\u00b79% (w\/v) via the urethra and thereafter obstructed for 6 h. Animals were killed at 48 h, 6 days or 8 weeks and cytokine and bacterial renal levels were assessed at each time point. We found that IL-6-deficient mice had increased mortality and extensive renal bacterial growth on day 6, compared with wild-type mice (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b705) and the histopathological changes were generally more severe and widespread in the IL-6-deficient mice. Peak mRNA expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) occurred 48 h after infection in both IL-6 knock out and wild-type mice. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2) levels also peaked at 48 h in E. coli-infected wild-type mice, while in the IL-6-deficient strain both TGF-\u03b2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower at 48 h than wild-type levels (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b70008 and P &amp;lt; 0\u00b703, respectively) and remained stationary throughout the study period. Animals injected with NaCl 0\u00b79% (w\/v) displayed a similar decrease in TGF-\u03b2 expression (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b702). When splenocytes from the IL-6-deficient mice were incubated with murine recombinant IL-6, TGF-\u03b2 levels increased to those of wild-type mice. No increase was observed when splenocytes from wild-type mice were incubated with the same doses of rIL-6. We therefore conclude that IL-6 plays an important role in bacterial clearance and directly influences the TGF-\u03b2 levels in experimental acute pyelonephritis. We also demonstrate that urethral obstruction per se induces an increase in TGF-\u03b2 the magnitude of which is decreased in IL-6-deficient mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01377.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T10:24:44Z","timestamp":1047378284000},"page":"200-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Renal cytokine responses in acute<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>pyelonephritis in IL-6-deficient mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Microbiology, Microbiology and Tumorbiology Centre"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Tullus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Bartfai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Bakhiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Jaremko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Brauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Microbiology, Microbiology and Tumorbiology 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