{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1761560734780},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]],"date-time":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":975628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The IgMk rheumatoid factors (RF) of type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) react, in 95% of cases, with MoAbs against the cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) Cc1 or Lc1 (corresponding to the products of the VH1 and VH4 genes). MC is closely associated with HCV infection, a virus which infects lymphocytes and may replicate in B cells. It has been suggested that HCV may induce clonal selection of B cells producing monoclonal IgMk RF in type II MC. To verify whether HCV is enriched in B cells, and in the subsets expressing Cc1 and Lc1 CRI, we studied peripheral blood lymphocytes from eight patients with MC and HCV RNA-positive sera. Seven patients had RF reacting with anti-Cc1, the other with anti-Lc1 CRI. Total lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, and Cc1+ or Lc1+, Cc1\u2212 or Lc1\u2212 B cells were purified using MoAb-coated magnetic beads. Lymphocyte subsets were then diluted to give a range of 1 \u00d7 106\u22121 \u00d7 103 cells and tested for HCV RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. HCV was found exclusively in B cells in seven out of eight patients. In three patients HCV was enriched in the Cc1+ cells. In one of these patients, HCV was found exclusively in Cc1+ cells, with Cc1\u2212 cells being HCV\u2212. The data indicate that B cells from type II MC patients are almost constantly infected by HCV. In selected cases, B cell subsets expressing IgMk RF CRI are the prevalent cell type infected by HCV. Our data suggest HCV involvement in B cell dysregulation leading to cryoprecipitable IgMk RF production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01396.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T10:24:10Z","timestamp":1047378250000},"page":"400-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in lymphocyte subsets and in B lymphocytes expressing rheumatoid factor cross-reacting idiotype in type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Fornasieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunohaematology, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M L","family":"Ribero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R A","family":"Sinico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Fasola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Portera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Tagger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Gibelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunohaematology, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011221091779600_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90852-3","article-title":"Biological and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. 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