{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:13:45Z","timestamp":1790936025268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]],"date-time":"2001-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":663,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin A has a broad range of immunological effects, and vitamin A deficiency is associated with recurrent infections. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) is a group of B\u2010cell deficiency syndromes with impaired antibody production and recurrent bacterial infections as the major manifestations, but the immunological dysfunctions may also include T cells and macrophages. In the present study we examined the possible role of vitamin A deficiency in CVI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed plasma vitamin A levels in 20 CVI patients and 16 controls, and examined the relationships between vitamin A and clinical, immunological and metabolic parameters in CVI. In the six CVI patients with the lowest vitamin A levels we also studied the effect of vitamin A supplementation <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> on several immunological functions in these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(i) The majority of CVI patients had decreased vitamin A levels compared with healthy controls, as found in both cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal testing. (ii) Low vitamin A levels were associated with the occurrence of chronic bacterial infections and splenomegaly as well as high neopterin levels. Decreased levels of carrier protein and malabsorption were not observed. (iii) Vitamin A supplementation in patients with low vitamin A levels resulted in increased interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010) and decreased tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) levels, as found in both plasma and monocyte supernatants, possibly favouring anti\u2010inflammatory net effects. (iv) Vitamin A supplementation <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> also enhanced anti\u2010CD40\u2010stimulated IgG production, serum IgA levels and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)\u2010stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A considerable subgroup of CVI patients appears to be characterized by low vitamin A levels. Our findings support a possible role for vitamin A supplementation in CVI, perhaps resulting in enhanced immunoglobulin synthesis and downregulated inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00619.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T15:48:03Z","timestamp":1047397683000},"page":"252-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Decreased vitamin A levels in common variable immunodeficiency: vitamin A supplementation <i>in vivo<\/i> enhances immunoglobulin production and downregulates inflammatory responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Aukrust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Svardal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Fr\u00f8land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.3.489"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"RossAC.The relationship between immunocompetence and vitamin A status. 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