{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:26:45Z","timestamp":1768980405398,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,25]],"date-time":"2002-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> sometimes induces invasive streptococcal infection, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). Muscular necrosis is one of the peculiar symptoms of invasive streptococcal infection and STSS. We inoculated <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> into the muscles of mice. To do so, 5\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> bacteria in 0\u00b72\u2003ml phosphate\u2010buffered saline were injected into the right hind thigh. None of the mice injected with the bacteria showed muscular necrosis and none died. Tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) and infiltration of leucocytes were detected in the muscles of infected sites, although the condition of the infected mice did not deteriorate after anti\u2010TNF\u2010\u03b1 monoclonal antibody treatment. The infected mice treated intraperitoneally with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed augmentation of bacterial growth, muscular necrosis and death. TNF\u2010\u03b1 was detected in the sera of the infected mice treated with LPS, but not in the muscles of the infected sites. Infiltration of leucocytes into the infected muscle was not observed in the infected mice treated with LPS. Anti\u2010TNF\u2010\u03b1 monoclonal antibody treatment decreased mortality in the infected mice treated with LPS. Moreover, the infected mice treated with recombinant TNF\u2010\u03b1 showed augmentation of muscular necrosis and death. These results suggest that systemic production of TNF\u2010\u03b1 induced by stimulation with LPS inhibits infiltration of leucocytes into the infected site and exacerbates muscular infection, and that TNF\u2010\u03b1 produced in streptococcal infection is not a defence factor for the host. Invasive streptococcal infection and STSS appear to be induced by both <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> and the host's immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01372.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T02:30:50Z","timestamp":1047436250000},"page":"344-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lipopolysaccharide triggers invasive streptococcal disease in mice through a tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1\u2010dependent 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