{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T21:05:31Z","timestamp":1760907931528},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]],"date-time":"2008-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1223510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3204,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid hormone and long days interact to programme American tree sparrows (<jats:italic>Spizella arborea<\/jats:italic>) for seasonality (i.e. thyroid hormone\u2010dependent photoperiodic gonadal growth, photorefractoriness, and postnuptial moult). This study explored in radiothyroidectomized (THX) males given thyroid hormone replacement therapy whether thyroid hormone acts within the brain and, additionally, the identity of the putative tissue\u2010active thyroid hormone. The minimum dose (30\u2003ng) of \n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010thyroxine (T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) that restored all components of seasonality when given i.c.v. daily during the first 21 days of photostimulation restored no component of seasonality when given s.c. The same dose of \n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010triiodothyronine (T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) also was ineffective when administered s.c., but restored photoperiodic testicular growth (though neither photorefractoriness nor postnuptial moult) when admiministered i.c.v. Three of seven birds given a 10\u2010fold lower dose of T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (3\u2003ng) exhibited thyroid hormone\u2010dependent photoperiodic testicular growth, albeit damped. The other four birds given 3\u2003ng T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and all birds given 3\u2003ng T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> responded like THX controls, exhibiting only slight thyroid hormone\u2010independent photoperiodic testicular growth. The highest dose (300\u2003ng) of T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> restored all components of seasonality only when administered i.c.v. daily during the first 49 days of photostimulation. This demonstration in American tree sparrows is the first in any species that the thyroid\u2010dependent transition from the breeding season to the non\u2010breeding season can be effected by T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. The same dose of reverse T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> administered daily over the same 49 days restored photoperiodic testicular growth in only half of 10 subjects and photorefractoriness and moult in none. Collectively, the data support the hypothesis that thyroid hormone acts centrally to programme photostimulated male American tree sparrows for all components of seasonality. The most parsimonious interpretation of the data, including the threshold\u2010like effect of 3\u2003ng T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, favours T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> as the tissue\u2010active thyroid hormone for vernal as well as autumnal events, but does not entirely exclude T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2000.00437.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T07:07:41Z","timestamp":1047452861000},"page":"87-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Thyroid Hormone Acts Centrally to Programme Photostimulated Male American Tree Sparrows (<i>Spizella arborea<\/i>) for Vernal and Autumnal Components of Seasonality<sup>1<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Reinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"The temporal relationship between the cycle of testicular development and molt in the white\u2010crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii","volume":"97","author":"Farner DS","year":"1980","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1367445"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","unstructured":"FarnerDS MattocksPWJr SchwablH Schwabl\u2010BenzingerIPhotorefractoriness and negative gonadal feedback in seasonal termination of reproduction inZonotrichia leucophrys gambeliiIn: Ouellet H ed.Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. 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