{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:33:00Z","timestamp":1780065180114,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]],"date-time":"2001-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":572,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The release of metal ions from dental restorations has been well established, but the sublethal effects of these ions on oral tissues remain undefined. Metal ions are a potential cause of sublethal oxidative stress in cells. Oxidative stress is known to alter cellular processes which are important in the inflammation of tissues. The presence of oxidative stress is commonly assessed by measuring the oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) forms of cellular glutathione. Normally, the majority of cellular glutathione exists as GSH and the GSH\u2013GSSG ratio is high. Since monocytes often orchestrate inflammatory responses, oxidative stress in monocytes is important. Our hypothesis for the current work was that metal ions induce oxidative stress in monocytes which is manifested by a lower GSH\u2013GSSG ratio. Human THP\u20101 monocytes were exposed for 24\u2003h to sublethal concentrations of ions of Ag, Be, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pd, and Zn \u2013 all known to be released from dental biomaterials. GSH and GSSG were measured using colorimetric assays. Cu lowered the GSH\u2013GSSG ratio as hypothesized, but the ratio could not be determined for other metals because other metal ions interfered with the GSSG assay. However, a statistically significant ( <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc>\/Tukey) increase in GSH per cell was observed upon exposure to Ag (50%), Co (100%), Hg (250%) and Zn (10%). This increase may be indicative of an oxidative stress in its own right. Alterations in GSH levels may be important to how released metal ions alter cytokine secretion from monocytes and other cells which play a role in the inflammatory response to dental biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00547.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T07:57:59Z","timestamp":1047455879000},"page":"508-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Effect of dental metal ions on glutathione levels in THP\u20101 human monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"J. C.","family":"Wataha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. B.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. E.","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Rakich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(84)90060-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Macrophage","author":"Auger M.J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.52.1.111","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in disease progression in individuals infected by the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"75","author":"Baruchel S.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Restorative Dental Materials","author":"Craig R.G.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Metal inducible pathology in the liver, pancreas, and kidney of transgenic mice expressing SV40 early region genes","volume":"135","author":"Dyer K.R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"The surprising life of nitric oxide","volume":"20","author":"Feldman P.L.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chemical and Engineering News"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Ion release from Ni\u2013Cr\u2013Mo and Co\u2013Cr\u2013Mo casting alloys","volume":"4","author":"Gerstorfer J.G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Prosthodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12476328"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00371573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(96)80020-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"Histology of dog dental tissues with Cu\u2010based crowns","volume":"68","author":"Hao S.Q.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07357909509031921"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1997.2032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Trace metal analysis in biocompatibility testing","volume":"3","author":"Michel R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"CRC Critical Reviews in Biocompatibility"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"592","volume-title":"Biochemistry","author":"Stryer L.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(69)90064-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345910700060301"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820250907"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(95)80056-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0109-5641(98)00023-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(96)80041-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2842.2000.00547.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00547.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T18:27:41Z","timestamp":1698604061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00547.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00547.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00547.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-182X","1365-2842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-182X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}}}